本欄收集各種先進（舊網路的新應用也可）軍用（敢討論哪家ADSL比較好試試看）網路的新聞與討論

雖然說只要新東西，交給美國國會的報告
Navy Network-Centric Warfare Concept (PDF 檔)（http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RS20557.pdf）
應該可以拿來做為討論基礎之一，裡面簡略的講了些美國海軍最近的進展。
此篇在2002年十一月更新過。

網基作戰在美國主要是由三個網路計畫來支撐，空軍老不死的MIDS、海軍暴力微波的CEC與陸軍神奇多變的軟體無線電JTRS所構成。但還包含了訊息的生產者（感測器）與消費者（武器載具）。希望這專欄仍然集中在網路部分進行討論。

During a two-week QinetiQ trial on Salisbury Plain Training Area and at QinetiQs Larkhill site, the MOD’s Extendor Operational Concept Demonstrator successfully completed its Phase 3 Graduation Exercise.

As part of the UK MOD Applied Research Programme, Extendor envisages using UAVs as communications relay platforms for tactical aircraft and military units. This will allow them to share data whilst engaged in an air campaign and operating on disparate tactical data links. The aims of the programme are to develop an airborne tactical data link translation capability and dramatically reduce sensor-to-shooter times to allow time critical targets to be prosecuted more effectively.

Having used a Predator UAV as the airborne relay platform in the earlier two phases, QinetiQ used its BAC 1-11 flying laboratory as the host platform for the Phase 3 trials. To ensure compatibility with the earlier phases, the BAC 1-11 was operated as a pseudo-surrogate UAV i.e. piloted but with the payload controlled from the ground. The payload for this phase included two UHF radios, an Improved Data Modem, a payload control processor hosting the QinetiQ-developed data link translator and a Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) low volume terminal. The trial was conducted mainly on Salisbury Plain, but with large numbers of aircraft operating over the Midlands and southern England.

Phase 3 very successfully demonstrated the bi-directional translation of limited tactical data link messages in Tactical Fire Network (TACFIRE), Air Force Application Programme Development (AFAPD) and Variable Message Format (VMF) into JTIDS/Link 16 and vice versa, thus allowing a diverse number of UK military assets to operate in a limited Network Enabled Capability (NEC) environment. Relay ranges of up to 300 nautical miles were achieved during the trial.

The exercise demonstrated the ability to pass target information in a TACFIRE digital message format, from a Forward Air Controller (FAC), via the airborne payload, into the cockpit of two RAF Jaguars, a WAH-64 Apache and, via the translator, into a Tornado F3 operating on JTIDS/Link 16.

All of these assets were operating at low level and/or out of direct line-of-sight with the FAC and were able to keep track of each other via AFAPD station reporting messages. These AFAPD messages were translated into their JTIDS/Link 16 equivalent for the benefit of the Tornado F3 and an Airborne Warning and Control System E-3D.

All of the service crews involved in the trial were very enthusiastic about the operational potential of this capability.

Extendor also demonstrated the transmission of Phoenix-derived target imagery into the cockpit of the research Jaguar XX833 at Boscombe Down - a UK first.

related links:
http://www.sdrforum.org

其它的與那本 Software Radio Architecture 書有關, 兩者的附圖幾乎一樣.

美國的JTRS計畫已經準備在通信設備中加入2G（GSM）與3G的波形，另外，英美都資助國內廠商研究4G規格，主要希望將頻寬提高到100Mbps，今天這些投入4G研究的國防業者，明天可能也都是民間4G大餅的掠食者。

ST. LOUIS --- As part of its Weapon System Open Architecture, or WSOA, program, The Boeing Company has demonstrated an internet-like connection ­ between a command and control-type aircraft and a strike fighter ­ that allows real-time airborne collaboration for strikes on time-critical targets.

The demonstration was performed by the Boeing F-15E1 Advanced Technology Demonstrator and 737 Avionics Flying Laboratory equipped for command and control, or C2, operations. Aircraft operators shared and annotated target images and intelligence data in real time, using the Department of Defenses Link-16 tactical data link. This allowed the operators to respond to an emerging threat by successfully re-planning a mission during flight.

Employing Weapon System Open Architecture technology will provide the same level of confidence in dynamic target scenarios as in pre-planned scenarios against fixed targets, said Dr. David Corman, WSOA program manager in Network Centric Operations of Boeing Phantom Works. It also provides the foundation for connecting current weapon systems to the evolving network-centric battlespace.

An objective of the WSOA program is to demonstrate how mission critical information can be quickly exchanged between strike and C2 platforms in the prosecution of time critical targets by employing quality of service based resource management technologies enabled by open systems.

With WSOA technology integrated into the F-15, the weapon system operator was able to quickly select and download target images and re-plan the mission based on targeting imagery, threat locations provided by a Joint Tactical Terminal, and routing data passed by the C2 platform.

Useable target imagery was received within the first 20 seconds, and there was no doubt about the targets location, said Rick Junkin, Boeing F-15 weapon systems officer on the flight.

The Weapon System Open Architecture program was awarded in 1999 to Boeing Phantom Works and partners Washington University, BBN Technologies and Honeywell in 1999. Phantom Works is the advanced Research and Development unit of The Boeing Company, serving as the catalyst for innovation for the enterprise.

The Weapon System Open Architecture program is managed by the Air Force Research Laboratory ­ Information Directorate. The program is sponsored by the Computer Resources Support Improvement Program, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Open Systems Joint Task Force and the Joint Tactical Terminal Program Office.

CEDAR RAPIDS, Iowa --- Data Link Solutions (DLS), a BAE Systems/Rockwell Collins company, continues its successful Multi-Functional Information Distribution System (MIDS) Fighter Data Link (FDL) Terminal program with the receipt of an $14 million order from Boeing to provide Link 16 MIDS FDL Terminals for the Korean F-15K program. This award is the first international MIDS FDL sale for DLS.

Under the contract, extending from midyear 2003 through February 2008, DLS will provide 40 MIDS FDL Terminals to Boeing, incorporating Link 16 capability into the newly procured Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) F-15K aircraft. This represents a significant step in making the F-15K one of the most advanced air defense fighters in the Far East region, and enables interoperability of Korean Forces with U.S. and allied forces well into the 21st century.

This contract increases the total quantity of FDL Terminals on order from DLS to more than 800 units. Of these, more than 400 units have already been delivered to the U.S. Air Force. DLS is providing these units on an accelerated schedule for all U.S. F-15C/D and E aircraft and is now expanding to include international F-15 programs as well.

The MIDS FDL Terminal represents the latest generation of Link-16 equipment incorporating secure data transmission into a single, small, affordable and highly reliable unit. MIDS FDL terminals provides real-time, jam resistant secure transfer of combat data and relative navigation information between widely dispersed battle elements. Participants gain situational awareness by exchanging digital data over a common communication link that is continuously and automatically updated in real time, reducing the chance of fratricide, duplicate assignments or missed targets. Each participant in the communication link is able to electronically see the battle space, including assigned targets or threats.

Data Link Solutions (DLS) was established in 1996 by BAE Systems and Rockwell Collins to pursue the next generation Link 16 applications. With a heritage of more than 20 years of design and production experience of over 2000 systems, DLS today is a leading supplier of Link 16 terminals and systems integration, software, logistics and support services for air, land and sea-based platforms. Its product offerings include the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) Class 2 family, the Multi-functional Information Distribution System (MIDS) LVT-1 Low Volume terminal and MIDS Fighter Data Link (FDL) and the URC-138 SHAR (U.K. Sea Harrier/Sea King) Link 16 terminal.

執行SSGN攻擊潛艇新概念;美國海軍舉行“巨影”(GIANT SHADOW)實驗活動
2003-01-13
　　據美國《海軍新聞網》1月6日報導，美國海軍將於本月在加勒比海地區舉行“巨影”(GIANT SHADOW)實驗活動，以驗證一系列的通信、感測器和系統網路等新的聯合軍事能力。
　　
　　本次實驗活動將成為執行SSGN攻擊潛艇新概念的首次較大的行動。SSGN攻擊潛艇概念出爐一年多來，已逐漸成為海軍主要轉型計劃之一。SSGN改裝工作就是改裝4艘SSGN彈道導彈潛艇，使這4艘潛艇可裝備巡航導彈和搭載特種部隊。這項工作由通用動力..等公司承擔。SSGN目前需解決的首要任務是如何提高查證潛在威脅的能力，其次還有怎樣探測和監控可疑核生化等大規模殺傷性武器，在投入國家資源和信譽做出反應之前確定威脅是否存在。
　　
　　“巨影”實驗活動就是找出解決這些問題的方法，並探索充分利用SSGN做為攻擊平臺和特種部隊作戰基地的相關技術和作戰概念。“巨影”活動也是遵循海軍作戰部長克拉克上將的“海上試驗”概念實施的艦隊實驗的一部分。美國海軍艦隊部隊司令部司令納特上將負責實驗的評估工作，並追蹤新達成的能力。“巨影”實驗結束後，新得到的能力一經證明，納特將對其進行評估，在按照正常預算程式向這些項目撥款資金後，提出建議使之儘快投入生產。儘管“巨影”並非與採購相關的演習，但艦隊部隊司令部的評估結果可能直接招致採購新的項目(能力)，因為這些能力在實驗中已得到很好的印證，所以會很快投入生產。而按照現有的採購程式，則需12年左右。
　　
　　“巨影”實驗活動還包括驗證“部隊網路”概念，“部隊網路”就是開發將武器系統、感測器、指揮與控制、平臺、電腦計算機網路和個人管理融入一網的資訊技術構架。“部隊網路”被海軍高層看作是能否實現克拉克“21世紀海上力量”展望的關鍵所在。
　　
　　“巨影”實驗還包括以下要達成的能力：SSGN的“戰斧”巡航導彈攻擊力量、利用“海豹”小隊進行偵察活動、海軍空中系統司令部的P-3C升級、波音公司生產的無人機以及無人水下航行器等。

BAE Systems C4ISR has been awarded a contract, in partnership with AeI, to supply Link 11 datalink sub-systems for integration with the STN Atlas (a BAE Systems joint venture with Rheinmetall AG) ISUS 90 Combat Management System on board Class 214 submarines being built by HDW for the Hellenic Navy.

Paul Laity, Managing Director of the Christchurch, United Kingdom-based Communications & Defence Infrastructure team, comments This contract further extends BAE Systems experience of the tactical data link, an essential component of information exchange used in single-service, joint or combined environments, providing forces with the ability to exchange real-time information for the co-ordination of military operations.

BAE Systems offers a NATO Stanag-compliant multi-link workstation that can work in both transmit-and-receive or receive only modes. Taking off-the-shelf components and integrating them with proven software packages, the company provides rugged, lightweight solutions with reduced equipment volumes, customized to specific users requirements in either stand-alone, overlay or integrated configurations.

Todays most widely utilized tactical data link is Link 11, particularly since its release to Partnership for Peace nations. BAE Systems Link 11 receive-only solutions are now in service in the Royal Navy attack submarines. Its integrated Link 11 system is a feature of the Italian Navys Sauro Class submarines, Turkish Navy submarines, and will be the solution for a number of other NATO and non-NATO navies.

BAE Systems also has a proven Link 16 operational capability through delivery of an integrated Link 16 sub-system into the Royal Navys Type 42 and CVS platforms. This integrated the JTIDS Class 2H terminals with a network monitoring and planning facility to provide operators with a dynamic multi-link network management capability and situational awareness display.

BAE Systems employs nearly 100,000 people including Joint Ventures, and has annual sales of around £13 billion. The company offers a global capability in air, sea, land and space with a world-class prime contracting ability supported by a range of key skills.

BAE Systems C4ISR is a global center of excellence supplying innovative, network enhanced solutions focused on military capability. The Group integrates advanced civil and military technologies into robust, single-service and joint information management environments. It optimizes the operational effectiveness of command & control and platforms within the digitized battlespace, providing flexible architectures to support fast decision-making.

ATLANTA --- EMS Technologies, Inc. announced today that its Space & Technology Group has received a contract from L-3 Communications West to develop a beam-switching network in support of a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program to demonstrate an advanced datalink on the U.S. Air Forces Predator unmanned air vehicle.

L-3s Tactical Common Datalink (TCDL), an advanced datalink system, will incorporate an EMS beam-switching network and is scheduled to be installed and flight tested on a Predator UAV in late summer of 2003. The EMS switch network allows the aircrafts datalink signals to be passed along an accurately steered beam with no moving antenna parts, or mechanical positioners as with steered reflectors, but at significantly lower cost, weight and size than a phased array antenna.

EMS is pleased to be a contributor on this important program with L-3 Communications West, which calls on our proven ability to quickly develop and demonstrate a solution that will bring together the data bandwidth of L-3s TCDL system with the utility of the Predator vehicle, said Todd Vaughn, director of the Ferrite Components Group at EMS. Our approach uses passive, low-loss switch technology that we have demonstrated for several applications, including military satellite beam-forming systems and advanced intraflight datalinks for tactical fighter aircraft.

Headquartered in New York City, L-3 Communications is a leading merchant supplier of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) products, secure communications systems and products, avionics and ocean products, training products, microwave components and telemetry, instrumentation, space and wireless products. Its customers include the Department of Defense, selected U.S. government intelligence agencies, aerospace prime contractors and commercial telecommunications and wireless customers.

EMS Technologies, Inc. is a leading innovator in the design and manufacture of wireless, satellite and defense electronics solutions. The Company is headquartered in Atlanta, employs almost 1,900 people worldwide, and has manufacturing facilities in Atlanta, Ottawa, Montreal and Brazil.

EMS Technologies Space & Technology Group/Atlanta develops advanced products and systems demanding the highest performance and reliability. Specializing in microwave/millimeter wave requirements for defense electronics, space electronics and component applications, the efforts of Space & Technology Group/Atlanta are primarily applied to satellite communication, electronic warfare, and radar systems

目前歐美先進無線電廠商，已有部分軟體無線電問世。另外除了美國JTRS之外，英國的BOWMAN也是類似架構。另一方面，JTRS雖由美國陸軍主導，但美國海空軍也都有高度興趣，所以未來的前途可期。

Joseph Mitola III is the Godfather of the Software Radio.

WASHINGTON --- The capabilities of components of the Joint Fires Network (JFN) were put through their paces during a recent exercise in the U.S. Pacific Command area of responsibility.

The Seventh Fleet flagship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19) conducted a time critical strike event during Exercise Terminal Fury with the Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC) at Hickam Air Force Base in Hawaii, using the Joint Fires Network’s (JFN’s) Tactical Exploitation System-Navy (TES-N) and the Air Force’s Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Manager (ISRM).

JFN is a transformational network-centric warfare family of systems, developed through a partnership among Naval Sea Systems Command, Program Executive Office for Integrated Warfare Systems, Naval Air Systems Command and Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. JFN provides near real time intelligence correlation, sensor control and planning, target generation, precise target coordinates, moving target tracks, and battle damage assessment capabilities to support more timely engagement of time critical targets. This capability allows a ship with the full JFN suite to share a greatly improved battlespace picture very quickly with other ships in the area of operations, and with Army, Air Force and Marine sites using their services’ versions of the TES.

The TES-N and ISRM systems aboard Blue Ridge, operating in the western Pacific, collected data on a possible target and fed that data to the JAOC in Hawaii, also using both systems. The JAOC evaluated the data, prepared a targeting matrix and attack guidance and relayed a weapons launch approval back to the ship.

“Both systems performed their critical functions identically, successfully demonstrating seamless system interoperability,” said Cmdr. Lyle C. Brown, director of fleet operations for the JFN program office.

Brown said the two systems, along with the Army’s Tactical Exploitation System-Forward and the Marines Tactical Exploitation Group, share a common software baseline, ensuring joint interoperability.

TES-N and ISRM also performed U-2 sensor mission planning, image collection and real-time, ad hoc imagery requests. Blue Ridge used the TES-N signals intelligence (SIGINT) display to sort imagery received from the Predator unmanned aerial vehicle and to direct the Predator’s search to find potential targets of interest. SIGINT information, images and tracks from the Global Command and Control System-Maritime, another JFN component, were fed into the TES-N database and exchanged between Blue Ridge and the JAOC.

Teams from the JFN program office provided on-site technical support and training aboard Blue Ridge and at Hickam.

JFN capabilities will be used and evaluated during Exercise Tandem Thrust this spring. The system is deployed aboard several ships, including Blue Ridge, USS Coronado (AGF 11), USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72), USS Kitty Hawk (CV 63), USS Nimitz (CVN 68), USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74), USS Belleau Wood (LHA 3) and USS Essex (LHD 2).

(Source: US Naval Air Systems; issued Feb. 4, 2003)

The Hairy Buffalo, NAVAIR’s Time Critical Targeting test bed, demonstrated the power of forward-based decision-making during a recent Navy experiment in the Bahamas.

Sponsored by NAVSEA, Commander, Naval Submarine Forces, OPNAV N61F (FORCEnet requirements office) and NAVAIR’s Network Centric Warfare Office, the Giant Shadow experiment assessed emerging NCW tactics and technology requirements in the areas of networks, data fusion, command & control, situational awareness tools, and platform/sensor architectures.

The “Giant Shadow” Limited Objective Experiment was the first in a series of SSGN transformational payloads and sensors experiments, as well as the first FORCEnet LOE under the CNO’s Sea Trial initiative.

“The Hairy Buffalo demonstrated significant capabilities in linking warfighters to enable a massing of effects rather than a massing of forces,” said CDR Ron Carvalho, Hairy Buffalo project manager. According to Carvalho, the aircraft served as a persistent ISR platform, conducting initial preparation of battlefield data, and providing “eyes in the sky” and airborne command and control for embarked Navy SEALS. “The Buffalo provided common communications interfaces that allowed ground, surface, and undersea elements to operate together, seamlessly in sea strike operations,” added Carvalho.

The Giant Shadow Experiment was designed to explore how a network of forces consisting of a stealthy platform (SSGN), Special Operations Forces, Unmanned Vehicles (UUVs &UAVs;) and sensors (underwater, overhead, and ground) could be used to clarify ambiguous intelligence and provide persistent ISR, and then develop, recommend, and execute appropriate courses of action within the guidance of the Joint Commander, including time-critical strike.

Supporting objectives included demonstrating time-critical cueing and fusion of manned, unmanned, and unattended sensor information; determining whether an orbiting UAV with a COTS communications network repeater could reduce reliance on overburdened satellite channels; and testing how this network of forces might enable SOF/SSGN to transition from reactive to preemptive operations. Final results of Giant Shadow are currently being evaluated.

According to CDR Carvalho, the Hairy Buffalo successfully demonstrated three different “networkable” battlefield data links during the experiment, including Free Wave, VRC-99, and the TCDL (tactical common data link). TCDL is currently in use operationally, and will be migrated to the Predator UAV. The VRC-99, a networking radio used by the Marine Corps, hosted multi-party Joint Fires Network computers aboard surface, subsurface, and airborne platforms during the exercise. The heightened shared awareness achieved by this robust network of forces resulted in the successful detection and destruction of a simulated weapons-of-mass-destruction facility.

Currently hosted on a modified NP-3C aircraft, the Hairy Buffalo architecture enables the warfighting fusion to deliver effects based operations ­ a key element of Sea Power 21. The end goal is to lock out enemy options through increased reach, persistence, precision and speed. The Buffalo’s ability to distribute intelligence products to various elements of a networked force enables forward-based decision-making and decentralized execution of Command and Control -- enabling a more rapid response to emerging threats, and limiting the exposure of ground personnel to hostile enemy action.

According to Carvalho, Hairy Buffalo has more capability for Time Critical Targeting than any other Naval Aircraft, and has demonstrated a clear reduction in the kill chain by conducting targeting onboard the platform and transmitting information directly to strikers. Improvements have been demonstrated by increasing automation and the amount of knowledge made available to the executives/decision makers.

Hairy Buffalo is equipped with radar, electro optic, and electronic surveillance system sensors developed by industry and government research labs. Some of these sensors are now in the Fleet, while others are being evaluated for future use. The aircraft is manned by approximately 15 flight crewmembers including pilots, flight officers, engineers, and systems operators. Approximately six individuals man the C4I ground-processing node, which is a mirror of the airborne node, minus the sensors. The Hairy Buffalo architecture could be repackaged to fit a standard military shelter onboard a ship, or be airborne on a C-130. Plans for footprint reduction are currently underway.

Recognizing that NCW is fundamentally joint, the Hairy Buffalo supports the development of Joint NCW doctrine by enabling networked, Joint Force Communications (including F/A-18, F-15, F-14, platforms participating in the Link 16 net, and Army and Marine Corps ground forces through Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System [AFATDS]). The Hairy Buffalo is also the first naval aircraft to demonstrate the Joint Fires Network (JFN) triad of Tactical Exploitation System (TES), Global Command and Control System - Maritime (GCCS-M), and Precision Targeting Workstation (PTW) directly onboard the platform.

“The Hairy Buffalo is a cost effective enabler for determining the impact of technology on tactical doctrine,” said Carvalho. “It allows us to conduct systems-of-systems engineering ­ integrating the latest sensors, processors and communications systems and then evaluating associated changes in doctrine and tactics ­ rapidly, affordably, and at reduced risk for our programs.”

New capabilities and tactics developed via Hairy Buffalo experimentation will ultimately be transferred to the Navy’s P-3 Aircraft Improvement Program (AIP), Maritime Strike Targeting (MST) and Multi-Mission Maritime Aircraft (MMA) programs.

The Giant Shadow experiment confirmed that Hairy Buffalo is a superb vehicle for demonstrating the art of the possible,” said Capt. Alan Easterling, Special Programs Director, NAVAIR Network Centric Warfare office. “Hairy Buffalo is an essential apparatus in the Navys transformation laboratory.

Additional military units taking part in GIANT SHADOW included the USS FLORIDA; elements of Naval Special Warfare Group Four; Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command ’s USNS Mary Sears (T-AGS-65); and Naval Oceanographic Office’s UUV, the Sea Horse. The experiment was conducted at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas.

The Hairy Buffalo is a Time Critical Targeting, Network Centric Warfare test bed aircraft, which was designed, built, tested and operated by NAVAIR personnel in less than six months. The project was designed to evaluate new technologies and advanced operational capabilities and tactics, quickly and at reduced risk for naval aviation programs.

-ends-

The new program, known as DCGS Block 10.2 Multi-INT Core, is valued at about
$161 million. The upgrade will transform DCGS by integrating multiple intelligence
systems into a single, worldwide network-centric Information, Surveillance
and Reconnaissance (ISR) enterprise delivering time-critical, decision quality
information enabling warfighter dominance of the battlespace. ...

http://www2.mnd.gov.tw/division/~defense/mil/mnd/mhtb/%B3%B0%ADx%BE%C7%B3N%A4%EB%A5Z/446/2.htm
2.戰力整合泉源 ── 網狀化作戰／胡重高
陸軍學術月刊 446

　　美國海軍作戰開發司令部在去年的茱麗葉艦隊作戰演習期間使用了JFN。在那次測試中使用的JFN軟體和硬體現正在中東使用。美海軍期望JFN概念最終能夠實現把所有的人都置身於網路柵格中，以致於艦上的士兵和地面部隊中的士兵基本上能夠與後方司令部的指揮官或旗艦上的指揮官共用同一作戰態勢圖。