愛國者相關資料及討論
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| VOR 於 2003/04/26 14:00 | |
| 愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
美國在年度中國軍力報告中曾提到「Taiwans ability to defend against ballistic missiles is negligible」，不久之前媒體也報導美方官員希望台灣提昇飛彈防禦 能力。由政府高層及國防部的發言看來，台灣似乎確定會購買六套愛國者三型及提 昇部署在北部的愛國者二型，我想應該會有些網友對此系統感興趣。 此欄雖跟小毛兄的「論TMD與台灣」一欄有重疊的嫌疑，但由於 TMD 是個較廣泛的 ––––– 伊拉克所發射的十四枚飛彈(大部份為Ababil 100 、Al Samoud、Al Fahd)﹕ 扣除擊落友軍的三枚 PAC-2 (Tornado: 1 / F/A-18C:: 2) 及多發攔截， ––––– 動力﹕ 尺寸及重量﹕ 性能﹕ 系統資料﹕ Configuration-1 ﹕GEM | |
NO:286_1
| 小滬尾 於 2003/04/26 14:05 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
>射程–15 km ~ 20 km 、C3: 30km 攔截高度- 20m ~ 15km some info before PAC-3的15公里的射程個人認為問題很大。因為15公里換算為英呎也才差不多5萬英呎，也就是說垂直發射也才能到5萬英呎的高度，這還只是考慮純發動機的能力，氣動力完全不管的狀況下。因此就一套要作為區域防空系統加上低層彈道飛彈防禦的飛彈來說，15公里在絕對水平下才能達到，也就是說零高度可以到15公里的射程，90度角則是50000萬英呎，其他角度都是小於15公里，低於5萬英呎的目標才能攔截，講起來這非常的不合理，因此認為不無可能這個數字只是射高，而非實際射程。射程則還在保密中。
當初在FAS看到PAC3只有15KM的射程﹐也真的嚇一跳﹗ 小滬尾 於 2001/12/20 12:23 日前大家談到PAC3的性能 | |
NO:286_2
| VOR 於 2003/04/26 14:10 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
http://www.washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20030424-042117-6399r.htm Feature: The Patriots fratricide record By Pamela Hess UPI Pentagon Correspondent 愛國者誤擊友軍記錄 WASHINGTON, April 24 (UPI) -- In his last e-mail message home before he died, 30-year-old Navy pilot Lt. Nathan White described the challenges his F/A-18C would face over Iraq. One of his top concerns was avoiding American With more than 1,000 aircraft over Iraq every day, White described the chaos of launching from an aircraft carrier and flying into the war zone. After an hourlong briefing on his mission, he would climb into the cockpit and be catapulted off the deck, reaching 140 mph in two seconds. Then he would navigate the system of airborne highways created by the military to keep planes from crashing into each other and of course steer you clear of the armys Patriot batteries, White wrote. It was not a joking reference. Whites was the second plane shot down by a 17 foot-long, 2,000-pound Patriot missile. His was the third coalition plane targeted by the system within a 10-day span. On March 24, a Patriot missile shot down a British Tornado, killing both crew members. One day later an American F-16 pilot fired on and disabled the Patriot system that targeted him. The Army, Navy, Air Force and the United Kingdom are all investigating the friendly fire accidents and almost all data about them is now shrouded in secrecy for the sake of the inquiry. Shortly after the British Tornado was shot down over Kuwait, a British commander announced his confidence that an accident would not happen again. The Americans have made a rapid and prudent re-evaluation of Patriot rules of engagement. I can categorically assure my crews that there is no danger of inadvertent engagement, Group Capt. Simon Dobb said. According to Whites father, Dennis, the Navy believes Whites plane was hit with two Patriot missiles, one after another, in a technique called a salvo. It is one of three firing options automatically offered by the Patriot, according to Army documents, and is used to assure a kill. It was a direct hit, apparently slamming directly into Whites cockpit. The impact most likely caused Whites plane to eject him. His intact parachute was found floating in Lake Karbala. White had flown over Iraq multiple times over the years from the USS Kitty Hawk, an aircraft carrier. He was accustomed to dodging Iraqi air defenses because of missions enforcing the southern no-fly zone. They had been dodging air defense for months, going into the no-fly zones. It was a no-brainer, Dennis White told United Press International this week. But based on what they have found, once you are tracked by the Patriot, its impossible to shake. Lt. White, wearing night-vision goggles, was returning from his mission over Karbala. He radioed that he saw two missiles launched. Six seconds later he was dead. The Patriot has not always been so effective. It made its combat debut in the 1991 Persian Gulf War, using specially adapted Patriot PAC-2 missiles that would target not just aircraft but Scud missiles. Iraq launched 88 Scuds during the Gulf War. They were clumsy, wobbling on an unpredictable flight path and even breaking apart as they landed. According to Victoria Samson, an analyst with the Center for Defense Information, the Pentagon claimed immediately after the war that its forces shot down 41 of 42 Scuds targeted. Those estimates were later scaled down to 70 percent of the missiles shot at Saudi Arabia and 40 percent of those launched against Israel. The General Accounting Office in 1992 said that the intercept rate was closer to 9 percent. Ted Postol, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology, reviewed the same data and said the intercept rate was closer to zero. Defense Secretary William Cohen said in January 2001 that the Patriot didnt work, according to The New York Times. The picture appears considerably different in Iraq this time. According to U.S. Central Command, the Patriot engaged nine of 14 surface-to-surface missiles launched at Kuwait. It destroyed all of them. The others were on paths that had them land harmlessly in unpopulated areas. Missile Defense Agency Director Lt. Gen. Ronald Kadish told a Senate committee April 9 that 24 Patriots have been launched so far: 20 upgraded PAC-2s and four PAC-3s. Kadish called the Patriot performance very, very good and very encouraging. At any one time the system can handle between 90 and 125 target tracks and is able to support up to nine missiles in their final phase of engagement, according to the Army. There are a number of ways for the Patriot to determine the status of an aircraft as friendly. First, the craft will fly an established path or in an engagement zone that air defense crews know is populated by friendlies. Second, the aircraft is outfitted with an electronic identification friend or foe transponder, or IFF, that would beam its identity to other friendly aircraft and ground units. Third, it can be identified with passive electronic queries �- essentially, acoustic profiles that indicate the make of the aircraft. There are other layers of protection, as well: the aircrafts voice radio connection to an airborne or ground controller, and its shape, speed and heading, all of which can be visually tracked or tracked by radar. Patriot and other weapons systems have three standing conditions for firing. Weapons tight, allows the crew to fire only when the system positively identifies an aircraft as hostile. Weapons free, the loosest, allows a Patriot crew to fire at any target not positively identified as friendly. The strictest mode is weapons hold, when the Patriot can only be fired in self-defense or with a specific order to do so. At no time during the Persian Gulf War did the Patriots fire on any allied aircraft. The missile system was on weapons hold mode, according to published reports. There was a reason for such caution in the Persian Gulf War. Just a few years before, in 1988, the military conducted an exercise called Green Flag. That exercise simulated a battle in which IFF system transmissions and radio transmissions were jammed. When fighter jets strayed out of established fighter engagement zones into missile engagement zones, Patriot batteries fired on friendly planes 50 percent of the time. When IFF was introduced back into the mix, that friendly fire rate dropped to 6 percent, according to retired Marine Maj. Jeffrey Chlebowski, who studied the Patriot friendly-fire history as part of a masters thesis for the Navys post-graduate school. The problems continued even after the Gulf War. In August 1993 the military conducted a test of the Patriot and other air defense systems to see what would happen in airspace dense with both friendly aircraft and air defenses. The results, according to a National Research Council report in 1996, were disturbing. Attempts to coordinate air and (surface-to-air missile) intercepts in the same airspace led to unacceptably high levels of (simulated) fratricide, NRC reported. Operational testing in 1999 of the radar system of the Patriot PAC-3 program showed a failure rate 2.4 times greater than expected �- a problem brought under control in later testing, according to Pentagon documents. Prior to the introduction of the Patriot in 1986, U.S. aircraft and surface-to-air missiles kept themselves safe from each other by using separate engagement zones. Aircraft provided anti-air defense, and surface-to-air missiles protected high-value targets, according to Chlebowski. When the Patriot entered the fray, it vastly complicated the picture. It was a missile system with a long range that was specifically designed for air defenses. Its reach extended into traditional fighter engagement zones, putting those aircraft at risk. Even with physics-based combat identification -� the acoustic signature of friendly aircraft -� IFF, and protected engagement zones, the friendly-fire results were still dismaying. Military simulation experts separated one major part of the problem from the rest: the friendly-fire incidents caused by the Patriot system. Was there a procedural way to protect aircraft from the air defense system if IFF failed? The simulated test found that friendly aircraft strayed off their expected flight paths while within range of a Patriot for anywhere from 30 seconds to out 79 seconds. Hostile aircraft all violated the friendly flight path by at least 90 seconds, according to a paper presented at the 1995 modeling and simulation workshop of the International Testing and Evaluation Association at White Sands Missile Range, N.M. The test found that if Patriot crews waited 60 seconds after target acquisition before firing, the likelihood of fratricide would decrease by 86 percent without allowing any more hostile aircraft to slip by. That delay requires a man in the loop, however, to put off firing long enough to allow positive visual identification. IFF transponders can fail for a number of reasons; the Navy generally requires positive mode 4 IFF checks before each flight of each plane that launches off an aircraft carrier. Even if he wasnt identifying, it still doesnt negate the fact that he was flying with another pilot, his squadron commander. His plane would have had IFF, too, Dennis White said. Either his plane wasnt identifying either or the Army failed to identify. The Patriots IFF transponder processor is at the base of a massive, truck-mounted panel that also hosts the systems radar. The IFF processor has a history of being accidentally kicked and damaged by Patriot crews. An Army maintenance flier shows a smiling cartoon radar warning operators to keep their feet away from IFF system elements and the main array elements which can cause them to fail. The Patriots IFF can be enabled, disabled or varied to reflect different parameters with a push button control, according to Army documents. The IFF determination is not limited to the transponder alone. It is also shaped by data on the target received from the battalion fire unit, from adjacent battalions, and from higher echelons. The Patriot operators are supposed to go through several steps before firing. The individual target would be designated and queried with IFF. The system can call up the battalion data file on the unknown target, then display a flight track history. Satisfied it is a friendly aircraft, the operator can drop the target. A critical point for pilots seems to be a handoff, which can happen a few to a dozen or more times during a mission. The National Research Council found that every time a pilot switches from one air controller to another as he moves on his flight path his plane is increasingly vulnerable to fratricide. In his final e-mail, White said he would switch radio frequencies and air controllers 12 times en route to his target. It is possible, however, that direct human error was not the cause. It is possible the Patriot system was in an automatic firing mode with no one at the controls to check the identity of Whites plane. The Washington Post reported a Patriot battery crew had taken cover from incoming artillery just before the second incident, when the Air Force F-16 was locked on by the fire-control radar. This left the Patriot in an automatic firing mode. Dennis White said the Navy told him his son was flying over a fierce firefight the night he died. He told UPI he would not be surprised if the Patriot was in an automatic firing mode when his son was shot down. Being in an auto-response mode would be desirable from a ballistic missile point of view. They come in very fast with virtually no warning. Theres no time to get people in the loop, a Pentagon official familiar with the program said. But they could screen out or create a fence so no aircraft can be a target. He explained, An incoming ballistic warhead looks entirely different than a fighter jet. If these Patriots were in theater to defend against Scuds, there are all kinds of safeguards. You are not supposed to be shooting weapons without a positive ID. I want to know what they were doing targeting any aircraft, he said. The Patriot system also has an override function which can force missiles aimed at friendly or questionable targets to self-destruct or protect individual targets, according to the Army. It is called an engagement override function: Humans-in-the-loop are the most important means of protecting friendly aircraft in a battle, the American commander of ground forces in Iraq acknowledged Wednesday. What really makes all the difference in mitigating the risk of fratricide has nothing to do with technology. It has everything to do with the tactical discipline of units, of usingthe right fire support coordination measures, the right tactical graphics and the right weapons control status and discipline of formations, said Lt. Gen. Dan McKiernan from Baghdad in a video-teleconference with Pentagon reporters. Friendly fire is not new to this war. According to the Army, U.S. forces killed their own in the Persian Gulf at a rate four times higher than in previous wars. Just why thats true isnt clear, though an Army doctrine paper suggests the wars short duration and the fast pace of operations, or simply the more lethal modern battlefield, as possible reasons. You are never, ever going to completely mitigate the risk of blue-on-blue fire. Thats a danger we have in this profession that no amount of technology will ever completely erase, McKiernan said. I dont know what the final numbers are going to look like, but my initial impression is that we have greatly reduced, given the tempo of these operations and the time of this campaign when you compare it to Desert Storm. Dennis White said whats important now is determining why the Patriot shot Nathans plane down, 10 days after the Patriot killed two British pilots, and after the Army had reviewed its operation to keep it from happening again. For the sake of others, thats important. I have no doubt theyll determine what the error was, he said. Neither the Army nor the aircraft manufacturer Raytheon would comment on the incident. Lt. Nathan White, who won his irreverent call sign OJ for his persistence during a particularly difficult refueling operation, flew into Iraq on his last mission with great confidence, according to his last e-mail. When it gets really hard, its like they always say: You fall back on your training. Redundancy in training prepares you for those nights where your legs are shaking and you know that if you dont relax and get your refueling probe into the refueling basket, you are going to flame out and lose the jet, he wrote to his family. When you find yourself in a defining situation where a difficult decision has got to be made, you will fall back on your training and come out a survivor. I wish you all the best. Love, Nate, he wrote. White, 30, was laid to rest Thursday. He is survived by his wife Akiko and their three children, Courtney, Austin and Zachary. A trust has been created for them, and donations can be made through www.ltnathanwhitechildrensfund.org. | |
NO:286_3
| VOR 於 2003/04/26 20:53 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
一枚愛國者飛彈以五倍音速衝上天空，強烈的光芒在天空一閃﹕ 「愛國者打下了飛毛腿飛彈﹗」 以上為一九九一年一月十八日許多媒體所報導的畫面。美國 然而事後一些資料顯示，當時伊拉克並沒有發射飛彈，電腦的記錄 這是一九九一年波斯灣戰爭後一系列被質疑的愛國者記錄之一。 這造成了一般大眾有兩極化的錯誤印象﹕一種是當年受到大幅報導 設計取代 Nike-Hercules 的愛國者防空飛彈用來攔截彈道飛彈本來就 愛國者三型為針對過去缺點所作出的改進，相信 PAC-3 跟PAC-2+ 原因很簡單﹕一如小滬尾兄所言，我們必須記住此次愛國者飛彈所 最後再提供一些資料﹕ 美國今年會將先期生產線改為全面量產，預計會購買一千五百枚 | |
NO:286_4
| flak 於 2003/04/26 23:43 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
>這造成了一般大眾有兩極化的錯誤印象﹕一種是當年受到大幅報導 >影響覺得愛國者飛彈為神器的軍事外行人，另一種則是判定愛國者 >只是虛偽宣傳包裝的失敗品。 其實這問題並不是那麼簡單。當時愛國者飛彈部隊匆忙部署時，發現記錄雷達資料的設備（磁帶機？）會影響正常操作，所以把它拿掉。導致當時沒有其他證據（當然那裡不會有測試場的遙測設備）可以辨認。 所以美國當時的判定標準是，只要飛雲飛彈沒有砸到東西，就算不知道飛哪裡去，就算攔截成功。 | |
NO:286_5
| 第一號軍事迷 於 2003/04/28 14:22 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
一編咱家鄰近老外，對這次二次戰爭，美使用「愛國者」與及性能之評述─謂這種導彈對「飛毛腿」的命中率「低到几乎為零」。 http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/junshi/62/20030416/972866.html | |
NO:286_6
| VOR 於 2003/04/28 15:51 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
聯軍有人定翼機的損失計有﹕ 一架Tornado GR.Mk.4 一架 S-3B 一架 AV-8B 一架 F-14A 一架 F/A-18C 一架 F-15E 一 架A-10A 另有一架A-10A 在戰火攻擊下嚴重受損 這八架戰機有兩架是被伊拉克擊中、四架是事故、兩架被愛國者飛彈打下。以比例來說擊中友軍的數量確實很高。這部份沒什麼爭議。 不過人民網的報導說﹕ 顯然他們訪問的「專家」水準不高。放馬後炮說伊拉克空軍沒有升空作戰機會很容易。但我們回顧開戰前及戰爭初期的資料，就可以發覺伊拉克空軍在戰前仍有一些行動 (如MiG-25 的偵察) ，誰也沒料到伊拉克軍中可能生變或伊拉克高層決定空軍完全不應戰。這些當然較其次，另一件事實更重要﹕ IFF 是個老問題，不論是解放軍記錄的劉維敏事件、阿拉伯人跟以色列戰爭時的誤擊、還是上次波斯灣戰爭的驚險鏡頭都不是什麼新鮮事。愛國者顯然有不少問題，但在資料不全時就馬上下結論未免操之過急。 | |
NO:286_8
| VOR 於 2003/05/03 11:49 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
Janes 的報導說伊拉克發射了十八枚飛彈，且證實了美國陸軍宣佈十三枚是短程彈道飛彈。跟我上面的描述基本沒有相差太多，只不過巡弋飛彈的估計多了四枚。 http://www.janes.com/regional_news/africa_middle_east/news/jdw/jdw030502_1_n.shtml The Patriot surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems deployed to the Gulf in January and February this year were in the media spotlight, particularly due to the controversies associated with the Patriots performance in 1991. It is too soon to know the precise results from the engagements during the recent war in Iraq, but sufficient information has been made available to describe in outline what happened. According to media reports, Iraq launched around 18 missiles at the coalition forces between 20 March 20 and 4 April. The US Army states that 13 of these were short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs) or large surface-to-surface unguided rockets. The remaining five were probably cruise missiles. Of the 13 ballistic missiles and rockets launched, nine were successfully intercepted by a mix of older Patriot Advanced Capability 2 (PAC-2) missiles, including the PAC-2 Guidance Enhanced Missile (GEM) and Guidance Enhanced Missile Plus (GEM+) derivatives, and newer PAC-3 missiles. Of the remaining Iraqi missiles, three were not intercepted, since they were going towards empty desert or the sea, and one exploded at launch. It is believed that the majority of these Iraqi missiles were Ababil-100 (or Al Fatah) and Al Samoud 1/2 ballistic missiles fired at ranges of between 100 and 150km. Tragically, two allied aircraft were destroyed by Patriot missiles during the conflict: a UK Tornado GR Mk 4 and a US F/A-18 Hornet. In addition, a USAF F-16 aircraft was locked onto by a Patriot radar, but the aircraft (reportedly assuming it was being targeted by an Iraqi SAM battery) responded by firing an AGM-88 HARM anti-radar missile at the radar, destroying the antenna. The results of detailed investigations are not available, but some comparisons can be drawn. The ballistic missile and rocket targets were travelling much faster than any aircraft and had trajectories outside the atmosphere. The cruise missile targets were similar to small aircraft and were flying at a similar speed to manned aircraft. Allied aircraft were fitted with an Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system, which should have identified them as friendly aircraft, and the aircraft would presumably have been allocated safe lanes to return down from their missions. Patriot systems can operate in automatic (software-controlled) or manual (human operator-controlled) modes. The detailed investigations will have to examine all the tape recordings and establish what did or did not work, including the possibilities of human error, hardware or software faults and, of course, the general fog of war. | |
NO:286_9
| VOR 於 2003/05/15 02:29 | |
| Re:愛國者相關資料及討論 | |
http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Politics/ap20030507_583.html U.S. Probes Downing of Friendly Jets U.S. Suspects Patriot Batteries Downed Coalition Jets Because They Were Taken for Iraqi Missiles The Associated Press WASHINGTON May 7 — Investigations of the incidents responsible for three of the wars five aircraft shootdown fatalities are focusing on a system touted by the Army as a reliable missile-killer but one which has been repeatedly plagued by problems hitting its targets. The father of Navy Lt. Nathan White, killed by Patriots on April 2, said he hopes the probe will lead to improvements that reduce the chance American anti-missile systems will down friendly planes. You go through the normal anger, but I also know its a war situation, said Dennis White, a former Air Force pilot who flew C-130 cargo planes during the Vietnam War. Therell be some changes, I know, but youd think you wouldnt have to put in stuff to protect your own people. The U.S. military is investigating three Patriot incidents: the White case; the downing of a British Tornado jet on March 22 that killed both airmen aboard; and two days after the Tornado shootdown, when a U.S. F-16 pilot fired a missile at a Patriot battery, believing the radar had targeted his plane. The pilots missile damaged the Patriot radar battery; no one was injured. Critics have questioned why Patriot programming and firing rules werent changed after the British jet was downed. I can see pilot error being the cause of one incident, but three pilots cant all be making the same mistake, said Victoria Samson, a missile expert at the Center for Defense Information, an independent Washington think tank. Possible pilot errors include straying from designated safe air corridors or failing to turn off electronic equipment that sets off the Patriots. Pentagon officials say their probes have not determined whether all three incidents were caused by the same problem or whether mistaken identity was to blame. But top officials at U.S. Central Command strongly suspect misidentification. Jets flying in certain ways can appear to Patriot radar systems as incoming missiles, according to officials from Central Command and the Army, which operates the Patriots. A spokesman for Raytheon Co., which makes Patriot radars and older versions of the missiles, declined comment. Patriot systems can be set to automatically fire at incoming missiles. When the missiles are set to semiautomatic or manual, Patriot operators have just a few seconds to decide whether to fire. Shortly before his last mission, White sent an e-mail to his family about the air war over Iraq. He described how pilots must navigate through a maze of airborne highways that try to deconflict aircraft and of course steer you away from the Armys Patriot batteries. Obviously it was a concern, or he wouldnt have mentioned it, Dennis White said. Investigators also are looking at possible IFF system problems, at either the aircraft or Patriots end. Other causes could include errors by the pilots, the Patriot crews or both. The United States fired 22 Patriots during the war, White House budget chief Mitchell Daniels told National Public Radio. That means 15 percent to 20 percent of the Patriots fired shot down the two coalition planes of a total four shot down during the war depending on whether one or two of the missiles hit the British jet. During the 1991 Gulf war, the military and Raytheon also claimed high success up to 80 percent with earlier versions of the Patriot. Congress General Accounting Office later found Patriots intercepted no more than four of 47 Iraqi Scud missiles, a 9 percent success rate. The Pentagon has spent more than $3 billion improving the Patriots since then. On April 2 returning to the USS Kitty Hawk after a bombing run over northern Iraq, White flew his F/A-18C Hornet over Karbala, where Army units were fighting their way toward Baghdad. The Patriots that downed White were defending the Armys 3rd Infantry Division around that Euphrates River city 50 miles south of the Iraqi capital. Navy officials told his father that White radioed he saw the two missiles launch a pair of white flashes in his night-vision equipment. White tried to evade them, but in less than 10 seconds they had destroyed his plane, his father said in a telephone interview from his home in Abilene, Texas. A 30-year-old father of three, White was buried April 24 at Arlington National Cemetery. I dont know much about the Patriot system works, but there had to be an obvious failure, Dennis White said. It took the life of someone very dear to us. | |
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