After WWII, it was obvious that reaching naval parity with the US Navy was too difficult a task for the Soviet Navy. But new weapons and technology would provide adequate capabilities. Therefore, three parallel anti-ship missile programs started in 1947: Kometa (AS-1), air launched; Shchuka, sea launched; and Shtorm, shore launched. In February 1953, only the first of these missiles was accepted to service, while the other programs were terminated due to the lack of satisfactory results. Further analyses revealed that treating the missile as a pilotless airframe was the wrong approach to the problem. As a result, since early 1954, all missile programs in the Soviet Union and then Russia have been led by the guidance-system design facility, not by the missile-design facility.

In 1955 the Shchuka program was restored under the codename KSShch and led by the guidance-system designer. The missile was actually fielded in moderate numbers on Kildin- (56EM/M) and Krupny-class destroyers. It was a complete failure, though. Designed as a long-range attack system with a theoretical range of 185 km, the operational range was limited to only 30-35 km by its poor guidance system. The missile was radio-command guided to the target, which was observed by the destroyers radar. The KSShch-B version with active-radar guidance and target designation by Ka-15RC helicopter was never fielded, since the radar and targeting equipment were too heavy to be carried by a light shipboard helicopter. The whole system was withdrawn in the mid-1960s. All the later anti-carrier missiles were developed by OKB-52 (NPO Mashinostroyenia since 1983) in Reutovo near Moscow. The organization was lead by the famous Valdimir N. Chelomey until his death in 1984 and then by Gerberd A. Efremov. The OKB-52/NPO Mashinostroyenia also developed some Soviet/Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

前言很扼要地交代了蘇聯反艦飛彈的歷史定位。二次大戰後，美國從英日手中奪下最強海軍的王座，而最強海軍的王牌武器自然是航空母艦。簡單來說，航空母艦的「射程」比任何戰鬥艦的主砲都遠，「彈頭」比任何戰鬥艦的主砲都大，很簡單地就把戰鬥艦炸入海中（當然，這些今日看來很簡單的事情，當時的人花了很久才相信航母可以終結船堅砲利的戰鬥艦）。海軍艦隊的機動力使得海軍「岸轟」的能力與深度也是前所未有的。

因此，以海岸防禦為出發點的蘇聯海軍必須有能力反制航母的威脅，而由於航母的「射程」遠，你不能期望用傳統砲兵解決這個問題。飛機有足夠的航程，但美軍航艦也有強大的防空火力。因此，蘇聯需要的是一種射程遠，又足以穿透（或不懼）防空網的武器。反艦飛彈成了唯一的選擇，也成為今後50年蘇聯抗衡美國航母與艦載機的道路（不要問我為什麼不用彈道飛彈，大概蘇聯人比較白癡吧？）。

To fight the carrier battlegroup, it was decided in August 1956 that a long-range anti-ship cruise missile would be developed. The basis for it was to be the P-5 Progress (4K95; SS-N-3A Shaddock) supersonic land-attack cruise missile with a range of 500 km. The P-5 had inertial autonomous guidance, and the modernized P-5D version had Doppler radar mid-course correction. The missile, developed by OKB-52 (presently NPO Mashinostroyenia) in Moscow, had a solid-propellant booster and an air-breathing turbojet sustainer. The missiles wings unfolded after launch, which reduced the size of the launch container.

From the outset, two versions of the missile were developed: the surface-ship-based P-35 (SS-N-3B Sepal) and the submarine-based P-6 (SS-N-3C Shaddock). For both, a guidance system was developed with INS/Doppler for the mid-course phase and an active-radar seeker for the terminal phase. The first (land) tests began in October 1959 for the P-6 and the following December for the P-35. During the years 1963-68, eight surface ships were equipped with P-35 missiles: four Kynda-class cruisers with two four-tube SM-70 launchers and four Kresta I-class large frigates with two twin-tube KT-35 launchers. From 1963 to 1968, 16 Juliet-class diesel submarines were also fielded, with each submarine carrying four launch tubes and the same number of P-6 missiles. In 1966 it was also decided that the P-5 land-attack cruise missiles that armed five Echo I-class nuclear submarines would be withdrawn from service, with the subs being converted into torpedo-armed attack submarines. Between 1963 and 1966, 16 Echo II-class nuclear submarines were built for the Northern Fleet and 13 for the Pacific Fleet, all of which were armed with P-6 anti-ship missiles. Each Echo II sub carried six launch tubes and the same number of missiles.

The P-6 and P-35 missiles, which differ only in minor ways, were fitted with the same guidance system and warhead. The latter could be either a 800-kg high explosive (HE) or a 100-kT-yield (approximately) nuclear weapon. After launch, the missile climbed to a high altitude, accelerated to Mach 1.5, and started searching the front area with its radar seeker. The resulting picture was transmitted to the launching ship via a TV channel. When a target was acquired, the operator on the ship verified whether it was the desired target (e.g., the aircraft carrier in the group). If so, the operator designated it as such and turned the missiles seeker on automatic-track mode. Thereafter, the missile descended to low altitude, remaining at supersonic speed. The missile was intended to hit the water 10-20 m before the target and dive to detonate underwater to increase damage. The range of the missile was 300-350 km.

The P-6/P-35 Progress missiles gave the Soviet Navy long-range anti-ship capabilities for the first time. Prior to that, only Tu-16KS maritime bombers, armed with K-10 anti-ship cruise missiles, had such reach. Nevertheless, the whole system was cumbersome and full of shortcomings. A single salvo took 8-12 minutes to reach the target, depending on range. Then it took 4-6 minutes to prepare for the the next salvo, followed by another 8-12 minutes of flight. Thus, the whole missile-launch sequence for six missiles from a nuclear submarine, or eight from a cruiser, took 20-30 minutes. Meanwhile, the attack force, consisting of surface ships or submarines (which had to remain surfaced), was exposed to enemy counterattacks. Moreover, only three or four ships, launching no more than 12 missiles between them, could operate at the same time against a given carrier battlegroup due to the number of radar and datalink channels available. It was determined that two to four hits with nuclear-armed missiles would be enough to disable the entire carrier battlegroup. The situation was different in the case of conventional warheads, and Soviet commanders knew that, in this case, the task was unachievable.

However, even this thin threat led the US Navy to seek a fighter capable of engaging multiple aircraft and cruise missiles at long range. As there was no time to conduct traditional intercept (a F-4 Phantom armed with AIM-7 Sparrow missiles was inadequate for this task), the AN/AWG-9 fire-control system and AIM-54 Phoenix missile systems were developed, initially for the the F-111B and then for the F-14A Tomcat. Teams of E-2B Hawkeyes and F-14s working together could provide early warning of cruise-missile launches. A single F-14 could engage six targets simultaneously with AIM-54A missiles. The E-2 and F-14 tandem became a nightmare for Soviet long-range reconnaissance and missile-carrying aircraft for years to come, and the danger was also appreciated by submarine commanders, who understood that many of their cruise missiles had little chance of reaching the target.

In the early years, the biggest problem was targeting. To find and track an carrier group on the ocean was an extremely difficult task. The answer was found in the use of signals- intelligence (SIGINT) and radar- reconnaissance aircraft, typified by the Tu-16RM Badger D and Tu-95RC Bear D, respectively. The Badger D SIGINT aircraft would pick up radar and radio signals emitted by a carrier group and direct a Bear D, equipped with a long-range sea-search radar. Both aircraft cooperated but operated independently. There was no need for SIGINT aircraft to approach the deadly zone around the carrier, and when the radar track was established, the SIGINT aircraft would search other areas.

The MRSC-1 Uspekh system was developed specifically for target acquisition and designation for anti-ship missiles. It consisted of a Tu-95RC Bear D with its radar and a data-exchange system with aircraft and ship interfaces. Echo II submarines used the Argument fire-control system for presetting a missiles INS and for data exchange with the missile in flight. The whole system was fielded the in latter half of the 1960s. Two new systems were developed in the early 1970s. First was the more capable Uspekh-U, which was based on a modernized Tu-95RC aircraft. The other became the primary targeting means of the Soviet - and presently the Russian - Navy. This was the MKRC Legenda space-based system, operational in 1979, the main element of which is radar-equipped 17F16 satellites that use onboard miniature nuclear reactors for power. Again, the system consisted of both SIGINT- and radar-equipped components, but in this case they were satellites. The Legenda system did not replace the Uspekh-U, which also remains in service, but provides greater coverage and flexibility. The deployment of both systems solved the problem of targeting for cruise-missile-armed units, both surface warships and submarines. The latter, equipped with the Kasatka (and later-model) receiving equipment, are able to receive basic targeting information from the Legenda reconnaissance system, even when submerged. This feature greatly improved submarine survivability.

由於第一代反艦飛彈中只有AS-1進入量產，所以艦射飛彈要真正搆得著航空母艦要等到第二代的P-6/P-35。

P-6/P-35的構想很簡單，航母可怕之處在於「射程」，所以反艦飛彈應該也要有足夠的射程讓發射艦艇遠離航艦，350公里應該是個足夠的數字。其次，潛艦一向具有安全接近敵人的能力，所以從潛艦發射的反艦飛彈自然威力加倍，這誕生了第二種蘇聯反航母武器：反艦飛彈潛艇。60年代蘇聯建造了Juliet級與Echo-II級來攜帶P-6反艦飛彈。

要讓反艦飛彈命中350公里外當然不是很容易說到做到的（不要問我為什麼不用彈道飛彈，或許蘇聯彈道飛彈設計局比較白癡吧），P-6/P-35儘管已經使用了當時先進的主動雷達尋標器與慣導系統，但蘇聯人仍在飛彈上加上一個電視訊號發射器，讓發射艦可以看到飛彈視野的目標，並幫它選擇目標（這的確是相當貼心的設計，但並沒有那麼神奇。二次大戰剛結束，美國海軍就實驗過讓飛機把雷達影像傳回母艦。不過既然用的是電視「類比」訊號，就表示你無法用電子系統判讀其中的光點）。

另一個問題是要如何發現航艦並指引反艦攻擊群接近，這可能算是現代網路作戰的濫觴之一。蘇聯開始建立所謂的偵察-攻擊架構，由衛星與海洋巡邏機利用雷達與ESM偵測航艦戰鬥群的位置，並引導攻擊群就位。

The P-70 Ametist (SS-N-7, 4K66) had a small delta wing and was powered by a solid-propellant sustainer. It was also provided with four small boosters that worked underwater. It had a programmable INS guidance system and an analog radar seeker with some anti-jamming capabilities. The missile itself had a very small frontal radar cross-section. The missile could be launched from depths of up to 30 m. It flew to the target at an altitude of 40-60 m using a radar altimeter at a high subsonic speed. Maximum range of the missile was 70-80 km when the target was designated from a third source, or about 50 km when the target was detected by the launching subs powerful MGK-300 Rubin digital sonar. The missile had a 1,000-kg conventional warhead or a 200-kT-yield nuclear one. The first underwater launch of a 4K66 Ametist missile from a special stand occurred in June 1961. From July to December of 1964, the missile was tested on a modified Whisky-class experimental submarine. The missile was accepted to service in June 1968.

The construction of K-162, the first Papa-class boat, began in 1962 and continued through 1969. The long construction period was a result of the use of many revolutionary systems at the same time: a titanium hull, a modern nuclear reactor, and a lot of digital and analog- digital electronic equipment. Due to the enormous costs, the navy called the ship Golden Fish. During trials, the submarines performance was excellent. For example, the underwater speed was 42 knots, and in 1971 the ship established a still-unbeaten underwater speed record of 44.7 knots. The tactics of attack required a quiet approach to the target as long as possible and missile launch from maximum range. Escape maneuvers were then to be performed at maximum speed.

K-162, however, was to be a one-of-a-kind ship, since it was too expensive and complicated. Instead, from 1967 to 1973, eleven Charlie I-class submarines were built with more conventional equipment. The MGK-100 Kerch analog passive sonar had a range of 30-35 km. Each submarine was armed with eight launchers (small silos) for the P-70 system. The Brest analog fire-control system had interfaces to the Legenda and Uspekh systems. Most of the Charlie Is served with the 11th Division of the 1st Flotilla of the Northern Fleet, while some formed the 10th Division of the 2nd Flotilla of the Pacific Fleet. All of these submarines were withdrawn from service by 1993.

From very beginning, it was obvious that the P-70 Ametist system would have little chance of successfully engaging a target. The main limitation came from the relatively short range of the launching subs sonar. Even when the targets position was known before approaching the group, sonar contact (in passive mode) was desired to update the location of moving targets. Therefore, in February 1963, the decision was made to develop a longer-range missile, while work on new, long range sonars was underway. In the mid-1970s, the Charlie I class was equipped with the digital, long-range (150-200 km) MGK-300 Rubin sonar and, in the late 1970s, with the even more capable MGK-400 Rubikon sonar with a range of over 200 km. The foundation for a longer-range, underwater-launched missile has been laid.

除了追求射程之外，如果潛艦能在水下發射飛彈，應該能以較短的射程就達到目標。

The P-120 Malakhit system was accepted to service in March 1972. Tests of the underwater system took longer, and the P-120 missile was accepted into service onboard submarines in November 1977. The new missiles armed small, fast corvettes of the Nanuchka I class. In all, from 1969 to 1976, 18 of these ships were built, followed by 21 Nanuchka III-class ships. Today, though, only the latter remain in service. Between 1973 and 1980, six Charlie II-class submarines were built. Each sub had eight missile tubes and usually carried six conventional and two nuclear missiles. All of the submarines had the MGK-400 Rubikon sonar system. In the early 1980s, the Rubikon sonar was replaced by the MGK-500 Skat system, which used a much more capable digital computer and advanced signal processing. Launch of P-120 missiles (all eight could be launched in a quick salvo) was directed by the Raduga fire-control system. Submarines were provided with a Molnia digital interface to the Uspekh and Legenda targeting systems, along with a Paravan towed array for very-low-frequency communications. All of the Charlie II submarines were very recently withdrawn from service, but P-120 missiles continue to be used on Nanuchka III corvettes.

但當美國加強了反潛能力之後，P-70僅70公里的射程顯然不夠保護潛艦，蘇聯又發展了射程更遠的P-120飛彈，裝備在Charlie II級潛艦上。

Development of the intended P-6/P-35 replacement was initiated on the very same day as the P-120 Malakhit program (February 28, 1963). It was to be a surface-launched missile for both submarines and surface ships. To avoid any counterattack from a carrier group, the missiles range was to be 500 km, outside the usual operational radius of carrier-protection forces. At the same time, the guidance system and missile survivability were to be greatly improved and in line with evolving tactics. For the first time, it was assumed that any attack on a carrier group would be of a massive character. The tactics of such an attack is described later, but it is worth describing some P-500 Bazalt features beforehand.

The P-500 missile is similar in appearance to the P-6/35 and was powered by a liquid-fuel sustainer and solid-rocket booster. It has a speed of Mach 2 at high altitude and Mach 1.5-1.6 at low altitude. The flight profile of the missile varies from 30 to 7,000 m (low-low or low-high). Guidance is based on a digital INS on a gyro- stabilized platform and an active-radar seeker, which periodically switches to passive mode. For the first time, the missile was equipped with a digital computer (Tsifrova Vichislenna Mashina, digital computing device). The guidance system was also equipped with a datalink to communicate between missiles in a salvo, with a salvo consisting of eight missiles launched at short intervals. Usually, one of the missiles flies high (5,000-7,000 m) to pick up the target, while the rest remain at medium to low altitude with their radar seekers switched to passive mode. The leading missile then transmits targeting data to the others and allocates individual targets, with half of the salvo directed at the aircraft carrier and half at other ships in the area, one apiece. The onboard radar seekers are turned on at the last moment, just before reaching the target. If the lead missile is shot down, another one (in a programmed sequence) takes over and climbs to a higher altitude to continue directing the salvo. All the missiles have active radar jamming to disrupt any defensive action from fighters and shipboard air-defense systems. In addition, vital parts of the P-500 missile are armored to increase survivability.

Early trials of the first version of the P-500 system were conducted from 1969 to 1970, and from 1971-75, tests of the final version, with a 550-km range, were completed. The missile has a 1,000-kg HE warhead or a 350-kT-yield nuclear warhead. In 1975 the P-500 system was introduced to service on 10 out of the 29 Echo II-class submarines then in service. Nine of them received the Kasatka-B system for receiving data from the Uspekh and Legenda targeting systems (radar picture only), while one received the Uspekh interface only, without access to the Legenda space targeting system. Communications with targeting systems could be conducted from periscope depth with the antenna above the surface. Usually, Soviet submarines carried six conventional and two nuclear P-500 missiles on combat patrols. All of the submarines armed with P-500 missiles were withdrawn from service in the mid-1990s.

The P-500 Bazalt system, however, was not only used on submarines. In 1977 the system was accepted into service onboard Kiev-class aircraft carriers, four of which were built. The first three had a battery of eight launchers in the forward deck. The last ship of the class, commissioned the Baku in 1987, was built to a modified design and had no less than 12 launchers. All of these ships were withdrawn from service in the 1990s, but the last ship, renamed Admiral Gorshkov , is to be sold to India - after stripping off the P-500 missiles.

The only ships still armed with the P-500 Bazalt system are Slava-class cruisers. The first ship of the class, commissioned in 1983, underwent a major overhaul in the 1990s and was renamed the Moskva . It serves with the Russian Navys Black Sea Fleet. The Northern Fleet operates the Marshal Ustinov , commissioned in 1986, while the Pacific Fleet operates the Varyag , commissioned in 1989. According to unconfirmed sources, however, the last was re-armed with the P-1000 system (see below). The first two ships (and possibly all three) have a tremendous battery of 16 P-500 Bazalt missiles, which can be directed at targets with the assistance of embarked Ka-27 Helix helicopters. A fourth cruiser, the Ukrainian Ukraina , was armed with the P-500 system. The ship was completed in late 2001, but after lengthy deliberations, it never entered service with the Ukrainian Navy. Declared spare, it now is to be sold abroad.

The P-1000 Vulkan was one of the most mysterious missiles in Soviet service. It was also the last Russian missile that required a submarine to surface for launch. Its existence was never discovered by NATO, despite the fact it was operational on five submarines. It was generally similar to P-500 but had titanium armor, and many of its steel parts were replaced by titanium ones. This enabled a significant decrease in launch weight. At the same time, a more powerful booster and a more powerful and more fuel-efficient sustainer turbojet engine was employed. This increased the range to about 700 km. Its development was initiated in May 1979, and it underwent tests in the mid-1980s. The P-1000 was introduced into service in about 1987. In the late 1980s, five Echo II-class submarines were modernized to accommodate the new P-1000 Vulkan system, but all five were withdrawn from service in the mid-1990s. Thus, it was in front-line service for only about seven or eight years (unless it has, in fact, been installed on the Varyag ).

P-70與P-120的射程太短，明顯只有潛艦與飛彈快艇才可能使用，而大型戰艦也需要新一代武器來接替P-35，這就是P-500飛彈。

顧名思義，P-500飛彈就是射程要達到500公里。但蘇聯突穿航艦戰鬥群的努力不止於此，蘇聯興建了更大的戰艦（包括基輔級航艦。以往認為基輔級是蘇聯要轉型到航艦戰鬥的跳板，從這段歷史來看，可能基輔級骨子裡仍然只是更大的飛彈發射艦，只是「順便」攜帶了直昇機與戰機）與潛艦，每艘可攜帶8枚以上的飛彈而不是P-6/P-35時代的四到六枚。

由於仍然謹守不擴大核戰的精神，攜帶八枚P-500的Echo II級潛艦僅有兩枚是核子彈頭。為了提高傳統彈頭飛彈的殺傷率，蘇聯人讓P-500具有「編隊攻擊」能力。一波八枚飛彈可以組成一個編隊，「長彈」會以高空巡航，讓其餘飛彈維持低空飛行。「長彈」開啟雷達以搜尋目標，並會指派攻擊點給其餘飛彈。一旦「長彈」被擊落後，其餘飛彈會依序遞補長彈的地位。

P-6/P-35飛彈的偵搜-射控體系讓蘇聯海軍率先進入了網路作戰時代，P-500的「編隊攻擊」能力簡直讓蘇聯海軍進入了UCAV時代！至此，蘇聯的反艦飛彈已經不只是一種海岸砲兵的延伸，而是一種特殊的智慧武器，從偵搜、射控到導引的複雜作戰架構即使以今日的眼光來看都是相當驚人的（蘇聯外銷基輔級給印度的時候，已經把飛彈拆掉。顯然蘇聯還不願意與外人分享這種等級的武器）。

這解釋了另一個現象。蘇聯的反艦飛彈總是有兩種飛行模式：高空與低空。以歐美的角度來看，要嘛高空飛行，要嘛低空飛行，目標都一樣是戰艦的話，為何要有兩種飛行模式？但這裡就很清楚了，歐美的反艦飛彈設計從來沒有過「編隊作戰」的觀念，每枚飛彈都是獨立的，自然每枚的飛行模式都是標準化的。但蘇聯特殊的需求自然使飛彈必須同時兼有高空的搜索能力與低空的匿蹤能力，並在兩者之間切換。

The missile employs all of the techniques from the Bazalt/Vulkan. One lead missile per every 24 in the salvo flies at high altitude to reconnoiter the target, using its radar in active and passive modes. The active mode is used in quick looks, then turned off to increase the penetration probability. The lead missile assigns targets to all subordinate missiles and communicates with the other lead missiles in the massive salvo to coordinate the attack. To achieve this, the missile is equipped with a powerful digital computer with three processors. The missile has an onboard integrated electronic-countermeasures suit for avoiding enemy anti-missile attacks using a combination of maneuver and deception jamming. The computer could order the missile to one of various stored courses with multiple altitudes. At high altitude, the missile speed is Mach 2.5, while at low (sea-skimming) altitude, it is Mach 1.5. Vital parts of the missile are armored to increase penetration against fire from Phalanx-type close-in weapon systems and against fragments of closely exploding air-defense missiles. The missile has a conventional 750-kg HE warhead or a nuclear warhead with an unknown yield (reportedly 500 kT, but that seems too high).

The guidance system was developed by TsNII Granit. The missile itself was developed in OKB-52 (later NPO Mashinostoyeniya) under the direction of Chelomey and, after his death in 1984, under Gerberd Efremov. First tests of the missile started in November 1975. Numerous difficulties prolonged the factory tests until 1979, and in autumn of that year, the missile began state trials. Technical difficulties further prolonged the trials through October 1983, and the missile was officially accepted into service in March 1983. At this time, the space-based Legenda reconnaissance system had been fully deployed. In addition to the satellite system, the submarine could also use its own MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system for targeting.

Only two Oscar I ships have been built: the K-525 (Arkhangelsk ) and K-206 (Murmansk ), commissioned in 1981 and 1983, respectively. Both remain in service with the Northern Fleet, and each are armed with 24 missiles and have Kasatka-U receivers for communication with the Legenda system. The subs were followed by the ultimate Oscar II class, of which 11 have been commissioned since 1986. The Northern Fleet operates the K-119 (Voronezh ), K-148 (Krasnodar ), K-410 (Smolensk ), K-266 (Orel ), K-186 (Omsk ), and K-150 (Tomsk ). The K-141 (Kursk ) exploded and sank on August 13, 2000. The Pacific Fleet operates the K-132 (Irkutsk ), K-173 (Krasnoyarsk ), K-442 (Chelabinsk ), and K-456 (Vyluchinsk ). The Russian Navy plans to commission a replacement for the Kursk, the K-329 (Belgorod ).

The P-700 missile was also introduced to service as a weapon for surface ships. Four Kirov-class nuclear cruisers were commissioned between 1980 and 1998: the Kirov (renamed Admiral Ushakov ), Frunze (renamed Admiral Lazarev ), Kalinin (renamed Admiral Nakhimov ) and Yuriy Andropov (renamed Pyotr Velikiy ). They were armed with 20 semi-vertical (with some oblique, like in submarines) P-700 Granit launchers. The system was directly adapted from submarines - to the point where the launchers have to be filled with water before launch. Fire control is provided by the MR-212 Vaygach-U onboard radar and other ships electronic systems (the Gurzuf or Kantata-M passive reconnaissance systems, for example). The first two cruisers were withdrawn from service in the late 1990s, but the Admiral Nakhimov and the Pyotr Velikiy continue to serve. The only other ship equipped with P-700 Granit system is the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznietsov , commissioned in 1990 and operational with Russian Northern Fleet since 1995. The ship is armed with 12 P-700 launchers.

蘇聯最終及的航母殺手，自然就是P-700飛彈。P-700的射程跟P-500差不多，沒有延伸到700公里，但與P-500（Echo級潛艦、基輔級航艦與斯拉夫級戰艦）一樣，蘇聯製造了三種平台來攜帶它：Oscar級潛艦、Admiral Kuznietsov級航艦與基洛夫級戰艦。

P-35 Progress

The P-35 Progress system is a long-range anti-ship missile that originated as a strategic cruise missile (P-5 Pityorka). It can carry out over-the-horizon attacks on hostile ships. A P-5S coastal-defense variant is known by the NATO designation of SSC-1 Sepal. The missiles guidance is by command and an active-radar/passive-IR seeker. Because of the very long range of this missile (450 km), the P-6D Progress version was introduced with mid-course guidance provided by a Tu-95 Bear D reconnaissance aircraft using its Big Bulge I-band search radar to locate the target and pass information back to the main control. The Big Bulge has a range of 350-400 km at 4,000-m altitude and is used to transmit radar pictures of the target to the missile-launching vessel. After launch, the missile climbs to about 400 m to enable the radar seeker to lock on as early as possible and to relay information back to the fire-control system. Final attack is in the form of a shallow dive. The P-7D Progress version has a radar altimeter to enable a more controled flight profile.

Manufacturer : Chelomey Designation : P-6, P-35 Progress Guidance : Mid-course autopilot (some versions with command update by datalink), terminal active radar Warhead : 800-kg HE or 100 kT nuclear Propulsion : Turbojet Range 460 km Speed : Mach 1.4 Length : 1,000 cm Body Diameter: 90 cm Wingspan : 260 cm Launch Weight : 4,500 kg Date Operational : 1960s Platforms : Ships; land Users : Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Syria, Angola

P-70 Ametist

The P-70 was the first Soviet ASM that could be launched by a submerged submarine. It is a medium-range missile with mid-course guidance by autopilot, with a J-band active-radar seeker for the terminal phase. Initial detection of the target is by either the submarines ESM system or by the Snoop Head search radar operating in the ESM mode. Normally, the missile is launched from ranges up to 65 km, after which it climbs to about 100 m before the seeker locks on. Final approach for the attack is in the form of a shallow dive. Externally, the P-70 is cylindrical in shape, with a sharply pointed nose and a prominent reinforcing member or wiring duct along the underside of the body. There are short, folding, swept-back wings midway up the body in the rear half and three rear-facing cooling ducts around the wing leading edge.

Manufacturer : Chelomey Designation : P-70 (4K66) Guidance : Mid-course autopilot; terminal active-radar seeker Warhead : 500-1,000 kg HE or 200-kT nuclear Propulsion : solid-state rocket Range : 65 km Speed : Mach 0.9 Length : 670 cm Wingspan : 1,200 cm Launch Weight : 3,375 kg Date Operational : 1968 Platforms : Ships: Projects 670 (Charlie I)- and 661 (Papa)-class submarines Users : Russia

P-120 Malakhit

The P-50 Malakhit was developed as a universal anti-ship missile for submarines and surface ships. It was intended to replace the high-altitude, relatively slow P-35 Progress (SS-N-3 Shaddock). Before the project was completed, it was replaced by a more advanced design - the P-120. The missile entered service in 1969. It was initially deployed on surface ships and subsequently on the Charlie II submarines. It also has longer range than the Ametiste (SS-N-7 Starbright) (70 km when submarine launched and 110 km surface-ship launched). The fire-control radar normally associated with the missile is either the Band Stand or the Plank Shave. The Band Stand operates over the D to F frequency bands and is used for target acquisition and tracking. The Plank Shave is a missile-control radar of which very few details are available. The missiles guidance is identical to that of the Ametiste with one important distinction: it can receive mid-course command updates from the launching platform or a third party.

Manufacturer : NPO Mashinostroenia Designation : P-120 (4K85) Guidance : Mid-course autopilot; terminal active-radar seeker Warhead : 1,000-kg HE or 200-kT nuclear Propulsion : solid-fuel booster and sustainer Range : 110 (surface launch) 70 (submarine) km Speed : Mach 0.9 Length : 884 cm Launch Weight : 3,000 kg Date Operational : 1972 Platforms : Ships: Project 670M (Charlie II) submarines, Project 1234 (Nanuchka), and Project 1240 (Sarancha) fast missile boats Users : Russia

P-500 Bazalt

The P-500 is a long-range, supersonic cruise missile. The development of the missile started in 1963 as the P-350 (4K77) program, which was canceled but subsequently evolved into the P-500 (4K80) project. It was accepted to service in 1973 and became operational two years later. It has a cylindrical body, the front of which is slim with a sharply pointed nose. Two-thirds of the way along, it bulges before tapering toward the rear. The missile is powered by a turbojet, and there is a small air intake about halfway along the body. The missile features command or inertial guidance with the option of mid-course updates. Aircraft such as the Tu-95RC Bear D, the Ka-25 Hormone B, and the Ka-27 Helix B may be used for over-the-horizon (OTH) targeting. Terminal-phase guidance is either by an active-radar seeker or by passive radar homing. The payload consisted of either a 1,000-kg high-explosive warhead or a 350-kT nuclear device, but the latter has now been removed. It can be launched from surface ships or submarines, although the latter must surface to launch. Associated radars are the H/I-band Front Door or the Front Door C system, which both provide mid-flight updates to the missile if required. The former is a missile-guidance radar that has a multiple antenna system and is primarily for submarine use. The Front Door C is used by surface vessels and features a hidden antenna that hinges out when needed.

Manufacturer : Chelomey Designation : P-500 (4K80) Guidance : Mid-course autopilot; terminal active-radar seeker Warhead : 1,000-kg HE semi-armor piercing or 350- kT nuclear Propulsion : liquid-fuel rocket Range : 550 km Speed : Mach 2.5 Length : 1,700 cm Body Diameter: 90 cm Wingspan : 260 cm Launch Weight : 5,000 kg Date Operational : 1975 Platforms : Project 1143 (Kiev) aircraft carriers, Project 1164 (Slava) cruisers, Project 675 (Echo II) submarines Users : Russia

P-700 Granit

The improved US ASW defenses around carrier battlegroups during the 1970s increasingly restricted the effectiveness of Soviet submarines carrying the Ametist/Malakhit (SS-N-7/9 Starbright/Siren) missiles. At the same time, the Soviet Navy wished to strengthen the defenses of its SSBN bastions, and this led to a requirement for a new missile. The P-700 Granit was developed as a more successful turbojet alternative to the Bazalt (SS-N-12 Sandbox) from which it was derived and whose liquid rocket proved troublesome. The long-range, sea-skimming anti-ship missile is launched from both surface ships and Oscar-class submarines. In the mid-course, it has an autopilot and can receive course updates by X-band datalink. It has a Ku-band active radar for terminal guidance and has a radar-homing capability.

事實上不要說P-700，當時甚至連Tu-22轟炸機也不是所有都能塞的下衛星天線的。老毛子海航的Tu-22M分成攜帶飛彈的攻擊型與負責最終偵察定位的偵察型Tu-22MR兩種，只有後者才有裝衛星天線，能與衛星資訊連結。

不過因為P-700的文件中常常有satellite targeting之類的敘述出現，所以很多人都被誤導，以為它可以用衛星中端導引，但其實那只是targeting，是攻擊平台的能力而不是飛戰的特殊能力。能用衛星中端導引的第一種飛彈應該是2004年才會服役的戰斧 Block IV。

其實這從前文中就可以看出來了：

In addition to the satellite system, the submarine could also use its own MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system for targeting.

接收衛星訊號沒有那麼困難。衛星通信設備會大主要是因為要發射訊號，但對蘇聯海軍而言，它們都只需要接收訊號，這使得通信設備可以省卻發射機。要裝到一枚大飛彈上是有可能的。當然衛星訊號不可能提供持續的導引，但即便是中途的更新目標位置仍然是很有幫助的。

>事實上不要說P-700，當時甚至連Tu-22轟炸機也不是所有都能塞的下衛星天線的。老毛子海航的Tu-
>22M分成攜帶飛彈的攻擊型與負責最終偵察定位的偵察型Tu-22MR兩種，只有後者才有裝衛星天線，能
>與衛星資訊連結。
依照蘇聯的作風，沒裝某種裝備的原因常常只是因為該平台沒有連帶的運算系統。老毛子任務電腦的架構通常不像西方那麼開放。

>不過因為P-700的文件中常常有satellite targeting之類的敘述出現，所以很多人都被誤導，以為它
>可以用衛星中端導引，但其實那只是targeting，是攻擊平台的能力而不是飛戰的特殊能力。能用衛星
>中端導引的第一種飛彈應該是2004年才會服役的戰斧 Block IV。
美國海軍的Quick bolt高速反輻射飛彈就已經可以接受衛星訊號了。
其實衛星訊號最大的問題是頻寬有限，所以要進行connectionless的廣播很簡單，要建立connection的連線就很消耗頻寬。而戰斧飛彈與其他飛彈的差別是他是用衛星當中繼通信，也就是必須建立connection的。除了消耗昂貴的頻寬外，這也表示戰斧飛彈必須要有發射設備才能與衛星連線。

反過來說，現代級配備的SS-N-22只是一種先進的中程反艦飛彈，在反航母作戰中，只有輔助的地位。這並不表示SS-N-22沒路用，拿來欺負不具備數百公里海空防護網的水面艦隊還是很好用的。

thats the Papa SSGN

另外，蘇聯海軍大型艦確實是只接收訊號即可。但在這種情況下光接收還不夠，要處理才行。80年代美蘇都無法在衛星上裝上足夠的預處理能力，得下傳到船上處理，有時船上還不行，得下傳到陸上處理中心用超級電腦處理過後才能獲得有用的資料。所以即使能把天線塞進飛彈裡接收原始資料，無法處理資料也是沒用的。

個人認為比較可能是在高-低模式中，讓高飛的偵測飛彈偵測目標，然後由發射平台track-uplink那顆10萬呎高的飛彈，下載雷達影像處理，人工選定目標後再uplink上去，透過高飛飛彈再downlink到掠海飛彈。這種方式的好處是至少高低飛彈間的相對位置相同，距離也只有衛星的十分之一，連結比較方便，而且資料還是處理過的。

Norman Friedman的書曾提到，80~90年代的俄國ROSAT只能在海象良好時偵測長度在150m以上的船艦，海象差一點就只能抓300m以上的船，再差一點什麼都看不到。因此老美就用DD掛角隅反射器去騙蘇聯衛星。而在這種情況下，使用高度10萬呎(30km)，重300kg的雷達，比400km高的US-A有用的多了。而且這顆雷達還會持續靠近目標。

又，關於魚叉飛彈的問題，那確實只是老美水面艦隊的防衛主力，但這是僅就一般水面艦艇而言的。老美海軍攻擊主力從WW2以後到現在都沒變，就是海航艦載機，而掛魚叉的艦載機打擊半徑遠高於P-700或TASM，而且很自然而然就能飽和攻擊。

飽和攻擊對老美而言就像呼吸一樣自然。老毛子需要使用各種平台協同作戰才能達成90秒100發彈著，對此老美也認為是巨大的威脅。然而老美自己又如何？當時一架A-6掛4枚魚叉可以有1000km以上的對海打擊半徑，一個中隊12架同時出去就是48枚的飽和攻擊，兩個中隊就有96枚。而80年代老美一條航艦上有大約2~3個中隊A-6，1~2個中隊F-18。一艘航艦上可執行反艦打擊的中隊就有4個，一條航艦一次最大打擊量是192枚，而且打擊半徑絕不會低於700km。這叫店店吃三碗公。

也就是說，對老美而言，雖然魚叉比起來不怎麼樣，但拿來掛艦載機上當攻擊主力已經很夠了。而對老毛子而言，就是因為航艦兵力大大不足，所以才得靠重型長程ASM來試著扳回一成。而且還得靠轟炸航空團或是潛艦才能打，水面艦即使是Kirov或Slava之類有長程ASM也還是無法靠近老美艦隊，因為即使有500km的射程，也只不過是對方的一半....

ps:
關於P-700的高-低模式，上次在某網站上看到的不是24枚一群，而是6枚一群，1高5低。24枚要分4組....

So what do you think of the best Harpoon carrier for U.S.Navy Aviation?
F-14 + Harpoon or SLAM-ER? no problem, but Now F-14s are too old and too few.

請教SANJYSAN 兄
有關雷達影像的處理﹐這些ASM的資料量會比同時期的潘興II的雷達影像大嗎﹖
還是有其特殊難度﹖

這點個人有些不解﹐因為同時期就有on board的雷達影像處理能力﹐怎麼會需要超
級電腦﹖

此外﹐就以現代的DSP處理器科技而言﹐處理這些原始資料﹐應該不是什麼問題吧﹖

艦上的處理系統與其說處理雷達影像，不如說交叉比對多個偵測器的結果，來查證目標確實方位並進行射控解算。美國要超級電腦運算的是DSP的紅外線影像。

簡單來講，蟲蟲一族攻陸確實不比TLAM，但拿來反艦還是可以用的。而且雖然不多，但反艦打擊範圍也還是比老毛子的500km長個那麼一點半點，多個一百兩百公里還是有的。

F/A-18E/F中左右掛三個油箱，剩下四個全掛魚叉，派龍再掛兩枚響尾蛇，300mi的radius也是有的，還要再加上魚叉的射程，欺負人家沒有艦載機的艦隊還是綽綽有餘的。若對方有艦載機的話，由於現在沒了F-14+AIM-54的保駕護航，光是蟲+AIM-120面對Su-27K只是五五之數，要強闖CAP圈得靠數量取勝...

a:

1. 超級虫 ＋ 整合式電戰 ＋ 先進戰術座艙／DATA-LINK ＋ AN/APG-79 AESA RADAR ＋ AIM-120 PIP3或PIP4 ＋ 超級電電虫從旁發功相助, 對於SU-27K等級的對手應該還是有相當程度優勢的..........

2. 至於對於那些能夠負擔得起讓大批RAFALE-M, SU-35, SU-30MKI, MIG-29OVT等級高檔貨進行CAP神功護體的敵方國家航艦戰鬥群, 與其讓超級虫去MAN TO MAN的硬碰硬, 還不如讓海狼或維吉尼亞級SSN暗下毒手............

偵測效果差的是ROSAT，不是ASM。老毛子ASM因為塞了大雷達，偵測效果還不錯。

又，其實即使是在同一時代，AWACS的機載雷達可以看到400km外的船艦，可是同樣距離ROSAT偏偏就是看不到。這跟雙方的高度有非常大的關係。一個高度400km的ROSAT衛星距離目標最短的時候就是它在目標正上方時，然而在此時也正是海面回波最強之時，因其與海面成90度夾角之故，所以在強烈海面回波的掩蓋下，要判別出海面目標並不容易。

以AWACS為例，同樣400km的偵測距離，高度大約是5萬呎，約15公里，這時雷達波與海面夾角極低，接收到的回波八九不離十就是目標。而ROSAT雷達當然可以傾斜偵測，可是這一來目標與雷達距離就會大幅增加....

與蘇聯的主要反艦飛彈一樣，戰斧也是同時生產艦射型（BGM-109B1，後來改成RGM-109B）與潛射型（BGM-109B2，後來改成RGM-109B），配備1000磅彈頭。

第二個相同點就是必須解決長射程的導引問題。與蘇聯多種飛彈相同，戰斧飛彈同時具有被動電波歸向與主動雷達尋標能力，但不像蘇聯飛彈在發射前具有多種標定能力，在發射後的母艦也有指揮能力，戰斧飛彈基本上是由母艦得到目標概略位置後，便射後不理的。因此飛彈接近預定目標區時，會爬上中高度來回飛行讓尋標器搜索目標，被動尋標器具有辨認目標電波特徵以識別目標的能力，完成鎖定後，飛彈才降回掠海高度向目標前進。

不像蘇聯追求超音速的直線進攻，戰斧飛彈的次音速蛇行功能不但能搜索目標，也能設定轉折點以隱藏母艦的方位，另外特別的來回攻擊模式可以反覆攻擊目標。

The first trial shot was conducted in October 1957 on the Black Sea. The missile tests were very successful, and in 1960 the P-15 Termit was accepted into service. Between 1958-1965, no less than 112 Komar-class vessels were built. Many were exported and used in combat. On October 21, 1967, Egyptian P-15 missiles hit and sank the Israeli destroyer Eliat (see First Person...Singular,JED , April 2001). This was the first success of an anti-ship missile, and it demonstrated that mid-sized naval vessels were now at risk. (See sidebar for accounts of the combat record of the P-15 family of missiles.)

In the latter half of the 1960s, 427 Project 205MR Osa-II-class missile boats were built, each armed with four P-15 missiles in individual launchers. Although they have been withdrawn from service in the Russian Navy, many Osa-II vessels remain in service today in other navies (more than 150 were exported). In the late 1950s, the system was sold to the Peoples Republic of China, which developed its own version: the Type 601 Silkworm, which saw use even in Operation Iraqi Freedom, launched from shore batteries on the Al Faw Peninsula.

In the summer of 1958, a new Kondor infrared-seeker terminal- homing system for the P-15 was tested. The seekers range was 10 km in daytime and 5 km at night, and it had a 2.5-degree field of view. Eventually, the seeker was developed into the more advanced Snegir, which was employed in the new version of missile - the P-15U.

In the late 1960s, a new version appeared with folding wings and slightly improved onboard equipment. The folding wings enabled engineers to decrease the size of the missiles hangar-launcher, which was also hermetic. This increased the missiles reliability. The missile was produced in two versions: the P-15U and the P-15T, the latter of which used the Snegir infrared seeker instead of radar. The export designations were P-21 and P-22, respectively. They were used on Project 205U Osa-U boats and on more advanced Project 1241 (NATO: Tarantul) vessels. They were also used for modernization of some Kynda- and Kashin-class destroyers. The last type was used even very recently by the Polish and Indian navies.

The Moskit missile has the typical missile shape, with X scheme wings at mid-fuselage and X all- moving control surfaces in the rear. The missile is powered by a ramjet-type, liquid-fuel sustainer and a solid-rocket booster, which is used in the first four seconds of flight. The missiles range is 120 km (high-low profile) or 80 km (low profile), or 160 and 120 km, respectively, for the 3M82 Moskit-M version. These ranges include maneuvers, so theoretically a missile could reach longer distances if it flew directly. The missiles speed is Mach 2.6 (2,800 kmph) at high altitude and Mach 1.5 (1,800 kmph) at low altitude. At 10 km from its target, the time until impact is less than 20 seconds, leaving little opportunity for reaction. Also, the passive radar mode enables the missile to detect active jamming sources and use them for homing. This and other features of the missiles radar seeker make it very ECM resistant.

Work on the Moskit missile started in 1973, and it was accepted into service in 1981 in its initial 3M80 version (100-km range) and in 1984 in the subsequent 3M80M (3M80E in export) version (120-km range). The final version of the missile is the 3M82 Moskit-M, with the range extended to 150-160 km. It is fired from the KT-190M launcher. Series production of the missile continues at the AKK Progress factory in Arsenyev.

The 3M80 and 3M80M missile systems were introduced to service with Project 956 Sovremenny-class destroyers, while the 3M82 entered service on slightly modified later ships of the type. In total, 18 of both sub- variants were commissioned between 1980 and 1999 for the Russian Navy (one was reportedly stored, incomplete due to a lack of funding). Two more have been built and commissioned in from 2000 to 2001 by the Chinese Navy (with 3M80E systems). Each destroyer is armed with eight launchers, in two KT-190 boxes of four launchers each. The Mineral (NATO: Band Stand) ire-control system consists of a radar set integrated with a passive radio/ radar receiver.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the Soviet and later the Russian Navy also received 34 small ships of the Project 1241.1RZ Molnya-M class (NATO: Tarantul III), 28 of which remain in Russian service today. One was transferred to Ukraine in 1997, and five were decommissioned due to a lack of funds. The ships are a modified version of the Project 1241.1 Molnya class (Tarantul II), which were armed with four launchers for P-15M Termit missiles. Under Project 1241.1RZ, these were replaced with four launchers for P-270 Moskit missiles: two KT-152 boxes with two launchers each. The ships also have the smaller Titanit (NATO: Band Stand) fire-control system, also of the active/passive type.

The last type of ship that employs the 3M80 Moskit system is the Project 1239 Sivuch (Bora-class) small missile air-cushioned vessel, of which two were commissioned (in 1989 and 1992). The Bora-class is armed with eight launchers, similar to Sovremenny-class destroyers. One of these ships serve with the Russian Baltic Fleet (41st Brigade), and one serves with the Russian Black Sea Fleet (36th Brigade).

The 3M80/82 Moskit system is one of the most successful Russian anti-ship missiles. It is designed to be employed against smaller NATO naval groups in the Baltic Sea (Danish and German) and the Black Sea (Turkish) and non-NATO vessels in the Pacific (Japanese, South Korean, etc.). The other main targets were to be NATO amphibious groups. Against the latter, small vessels were to conduct attacks in groups of two to four ships in hit-and-run-type attacks, firing eight to 16 missiles in a coordinated salvo. The Moskits computerized mission-planning system enables a given salvo, fired over a period of time, to have routes preset so that the entire salvo arrives at the target area at the same moment. Similar tactics were to be used against transport ships in coastal waters, although fewer missiles were to be fired (two to four against a single target).

Destroyers armed with the Moskit were intended to operate in larger naval attack groups formed around cruisers. The purpose of such groups during the Cold War was to protect the Northern Area (the so-called Bastion) against penetration by US submarines and carrier groups, to support Soviet amphibious operations, and - in favorable conditions - to engage trans-Atlantic shipment and disrupt sea lines of communication between the US and Europe. Presently, in the Russian Navy, the Moskit-armed destroyers are intended to fight ships such as cruisers, destroyers, and frigates that are part of a carrier group or, more frequently, operating separately in groups. Although the Cold War is over, the US Navy is still treated as an adversary by the Russian Navy. It is also commonly understood that if the Russian Navy is able to counter US fleet elements, it is able to defeat any other enemy.
中國的蠶式飛彈二代搞出了仿飛魚的C-801，蘇聯則是P-270，結果P-270又變成中國第三代反艦飛彈，這歷史真是複雜。這段最值得注意的是The missiles speed is Mach 2.6 (2,800 kmph) at high altitude and Mach 1.5 (1,800 kmph) at low altitude。P-270的超音速巡航能力無庸置疑，但早期宣傳巡航速度在高空3馬赫，「極」低空仍有2.2馬赫卻讓我很懷疑。因為極低空的大氣密度高很多，所以阻力會很大，壓力問題也很大，更別提極低空的音速較高，所以同樣是2.2馬赫，在極低空的真實空速會比較高，所以參考同樣數據的話，高空3馬赫是3230kmph，低空2.2馬赫是2640kmph，速度只差了20％。阻力高很多，真實空速反而差不多，如果成真的話，飛機就不用拼命在高空飛了。這篇文章的數據則將低空/高空的真實速度差下修到60％，我覺得比較合理。因此低空的實際馬赫數只有1.5M。

Trials of the new 3M55 missile for the P-100 Oniks system started in 1987. Final tests were undertaken in 1996 aboard two converted testbed ships: the Nakat , a modified Tarantul with two six-rail SM-403 launchers, and on the Project 06704 submarine K-452 with eight three-rail SM-315 launchers. There is no information as to whether the Oniks missile was ever accepted into Russian service. However, three types of ships received the system during their construction. Among them were 10 vessels of the Project 12301 Scorpion-type missile corvettes in the Russian Navy (the replacement for the Nanutchka and Tarantul classes) and some of the 28 vessels of the same type built for export (armed with the Yakhont, the export version of the Oniks. In December 1993, the first ship of a new multirole submarine type was laid down, the Project 885 Yaseni (NATO: Granay). Construction was suspended in 1996 but has recently been restarted and bears the name Severodvinsk . It will be armed with 24 missiles arranged in eight triple SM-315 launchers.

The Oniks missile has a typical Russian appearance, with folded delta wings in the middle and tail surfaces right behind them. The missile presently carries only a conventional penetration warhead, weighing 300 kg. It is propelled by a ramjet engine running on liquid fuel, with launch assisted by a solid-rocket booster. The missile flies on various trajectories up to 20,000 m. Typically, it flies at 14,000 m at the high point of a high-low trajectory and at about 10-15 m at the low point of a low-low trajectory. Just before terminal engagement, the missile usually descends to 5-10 m. The maximum range is 300 km (high-low) or 120 km (low-low). At a distance of 60-80 km to the target the missiles radar switches on and searches for the target. As soon as the target is located, at a distance of about 25-30 km, the radar stops transmitting and works in passive mode only while the missile is directed into a computed point of intercept. Usually one out of every three missiles turns on its radar with the others being directed by the leading missile. There are also some other features that enhance the missiles air-defense-penetration capabilities. First of all, the missile is coated with radar-absorbent materials (RAMs). The missile also has an onboard radar-warning receiver and analyzer, enabling it to initiate sharp maneuvers when necessary. The high speed of the missile - Mach 2.6 at high altitude and Mach 1.5-1.7 at low altitude - on the one hand helps in penetration of the enemy ships air defenses, but on the other hand, it causes the missile to become aerodynamically heated, giving it a relatively high infrared signature.

The Klub-S is launched from a torpedo tube while the Klub-N is fired from a 533mm vertical-launch tube. The sub- and ship-launched varieties differ in booster type. There are five types of Klub. Two come in three-stage long versions and are about 8 m long. They fit into Russian torpedo tubes but do not fit the standard Western 533mm tubes, which are usually only 6.5 m long. This means that all five types can be used in Russian-built subs, whereas Western subs can only use the three short types.

The supersonic 91RE1 (long) and 91RE2 (short) types are anti-submarine missiles, armed with a 324mm self-homing torpedo. Both types go ballistic after launch, directed to the target area via INS. Their ranges are 50 and 40 km, respectively. The subsonic 3M14 (short) is a land-attack cruise missile, with a range of 300 km. It has an integrated INS/Terprom mid-course navigation system and the ARGS-14 active radar seeker.

The last two types are anti-ship missiles. The 3M54 (or 3M54E in the export version) long missile is a supersonic, three-stage missile. The first stage is a booster, while the second is a winged cruise stage. It can be launched vertically, from an angled launcher, or from a torpedo tube. At an altitude of up to 150 m the solid-propellant booster is jettisoned, and the under-fuselage air intake is extended. The turbojet sustainer engine is started, and at the same time, the wings and tail surfaces are extended. The missile transitions to cruise mode and descends to its cruising altitude of 10 to 15 m above sea level. At a distance of about 30 to 40 km from the target, the missile climbs to a higher altitude and activates its ARGS-54 active radar seeker. After the target is located and the INS updated, at about 20 km from the target, the terminal (third) stage separates. The missile accelerates to supersonic speed (Mach 2.9) and attacks using the ARGS-54 active/passive seeker to guide the diving missile. For the last 15-20 km, the missile descends to 3-5 m above the wave tops, with some loss of speed. The ARGS-54 was developed by Radar MMS, of St. Petersburg. It can detect targets from 60 km, at a 45-degree angle. The warhead of the supersonic 3M54E is a penetration type, weighing 200 kg. The missile has low radar signature and could be covered in RAMs. High speed and maneuvers increase its penetration capabilities. The missiles range is 220 km.

The 3M54E1 version is designed for export only. It is a short, subsonic version of the 3M54E. The ARGS-54 seeker is mounted directly in the second stage, along with the 400-kg warhead. It flies at Mach 0.6-0.8 at about 150 m in altitude initially, descending to 15 m. At about 40-50 km from the programmed target, the missile climbs again to locate the target itself. Having done so, it descends again to a very low (3-5 m over smooth sea and 5-10 m over rrough sea) altitude. The seeker is activated again for terminal engagement during the last 20-30 km. The missiles range is 300 km.

The Klub family has not yet been accepted into Russian service but has already been exported. Eight vertical launchers are mounted on three Indian Talwar-class frigates, built in Russia. It will probably be accepted into service with Lada-class submarines built for the Russian Navy and possibly also for the Amur version for the Indian Navy. The submarine would carry up to 18 torpedoes and Klub-S missiles in various combinations and would have six torpedo launchers. The first sub of the class for the Russian Navy, the St. Petersburg , was laid down in December 1997. The first export version was also laid down in the same month and was named the Amur .

Interestingly, the Klub system is also to be used by Yaseni-class submarines (NATO: Granay), along with the 24 launchers for the Oniks system. The Klub-S is to be fired from 533mm torpedo tubes (the ship also has 650mm torpedo tubes).

According to some sources, the main version used by the Indian Navy will be the land-attack version. It has also been suggested that a technical possibility exists for the Indian Navy to mount nuclear warheads on these, though no evidence of such a fit has been detected.
這一樣是蘇聯的海外限定版飛彈，所以也被宣傳成超先進的角色，擁有特別的兩段式次-超音速飛行模式。但其實從文章可以看出來，這傢伙最重要的設計目標一樣是從潛艇發射，而且是潛艇的魚雷管發射。這使得飛彈可以大量部署在SSK上，而不用搞一堆SSGN怪物。但魚雷管的空間有限，顯然塞不進衝壓引擎這種龐然大物，不得不從傳統的渦噴引擎（類魚叉）與火箭引擎（類飛魚）中選擇，俄國人就很有特色地選擇了兩者的合體，以兼顧射程與終端速度的要求。

In the early 1990s, a sea-launched version of the missile, dubbed the 3M24, was tested. This version has a range of 130 km and has a solid-rocket booster with a turbojet engine for cruise. The cruise phase is conducted at 10-15 m in altitude at a speed of up to 300 m/sec. The terminal phase is conducted at an altitude of 3-5 m at the same speed. The missile employs the ARGS-35 active radar seeker The typical sea launcher, designated KT-184, has four angled tubes. Four such launchers (16 missiles) are mounted on modified Tarantul-class vessels. The ships have been exported to Vietnam, and a single ship is used by the Russian Navy for trials and training of foreign crews. Space for four launchers can also be found on a single new Russian Project 1154 frigate. The ship, the Neustrashimiy , was commissioned in 1993 and serves with the Baltic Fleet, but the launchers have never actually been mounted on it. Also, two Project 1135 Krivak I-class frigates - the Legkiy and the Pilkyi - were modernized to the Project 1135.2 standard, receiving two four-tube launchers for the 3M24 Uran system. Through 2002 the ships have not carried any actual missiles, only empty stands for the launchers. The ships also received the MR-755 Fregat (NATO: Half Plate) radar for target designation and the Garpun-Bal (NATO: Plank Shave) radar for fire control. The Garpun-Bal combines quickly switchable active and passive modes. In the active target- designation mode, it operates in I/J band and can detect and track up to 150 targets. The radars range is 35-45 km. The passive channel searches for pulse and continuous-wave signals. When a signal is located, the radar identifies the hostile emitter from a library of up to 1,000 signatures. The signals bearing is also measured. The maximum range of the passive channel is over 100 km, depending on the frequency.

Aside from Vietnam, the other export customer of the Uran system is the Indian Navy. Four Delhi-class destroyers are armed with 16 Uran launchers apiece. The ships are also equipped with Russian-made MR-755 Fregat and Garpun-Bal radar sets. Other Indian ships on which 3M24 Uran system is used are four P-25A type corvettes. They also have four quadruple KT-184 launchers.

In addition to the anti-ship version of the Uran system, a Glonass-controlled, land-attack variant has also been developed: the 3M24M Uranium (3M24E1 in export). The 3M24E1 system will be introduced into service with the Indian Navy. It carries more fuel, extending its maximum range to 250 km. An imaging-infrared seeker, in place of the active radar seeker, has reportedly also been tested on a basic 3M24 missile.

西方的反艦飛彈幾乎都是次音速渦噴推進的天下，蘇聯則只有這種飛彈是這樣子。它在本土的巡防艦上服役，也外銷到越南。最後是印度又很捧場地買了一堆。